Вживання означеного артикля the

CATEGORY

NO ARTICLE

(Article ‘a’)

USE THE

EXCEPTIONS

Thingsconsideredtobeunique

* a full moon,

a bright red sun (like any noun with

a descriptive attribute)

the sky, the sun,

the moon,

the ground,

the earth,

the world,

the universe,

the horizon,

the cosmos

nature, space

Men’s ventures into space.

I love nature.

Planets

Venus [vi:nэs], Mercury['mә:kjuri], 'Jupiter , 'Saturn, Uranus [ju'reinэs], Pluto, 'Neptune

Butthe planet we live in or the land we liveon:the Earth, the planet Earth or the earth

Continents

Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, South/North America, Antarctica

The four cardinal points and directions

the north,

the south, the east, the west,

the north-west,

the north-east

the North / South Pole, the Equator,

in the South of England

set expressions:

from east to west,

from north to south

Geographicalregions

the Arctic,

the Antarctic

the Far North,

the Far East,

the Middle East,

the Midlands,

the Caucasus,

the Crimea,

the Ruhr (in Germany),

theDordonye (France),

the Punjab (India)

Historicalreferences

Ancient Greece,

Medieval Europe,

Renaissance, Europe,

Feudal France,

Roman Britain,

pre-war/post war Germany,

present day Italy

But:

the Europe of today

(with a limiting attribute)

Note:

The Dark Ages,

the Renaissance, the Stone Age,

the Victorian Age

Countries

Great Britain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Denmark, Ukraine, Israel, China, Argentina*

but: the France of his youth

• plural names

the Netherlands, the Philippines;

• the names

which include words like ‘republic, union, kingdom, states’:

the People’s Republic of China, the Czech Republic, the ARE or the Arab Republic of Egypt, the United Arab Emirates or the UAE, the USA, the UK

the Vatican,

the Congo,

(the) Ivory Coast, (the) Sudan,

(the) Lebanon,

(the) Yemen,

the Transvaal,

Cameroun or the Cameroons

the Argentine*

most states,

counties,

provinces,

political and administrative regions of a country

Washington state, New Mexico, Florida, Texas, California, New England, Wiltshire,

Westphalia, Bavaria, Kent, Venice

(Holland is a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands.)

the state of Washington,

the state of Texas,

the whole of Venice –

усяВенеція

names of

countries or regions or areas which have a geographical attribute

Northern Ireland,

Highland Britain,

Central Asia,

Upper Austria,

Lower Egypt, Southern France,

Western and Eastern Europe,

Latin America

Towns, cities

Chicago, Oxford, Vienna,

Cairo ['kaiэrou], Kyiv,

New York City

but:

It was a different Paris,unknown to her.

the Chicago ofthe 1920s,

the city of New York

the Hague

(in the Netherlands, the seat of its government)

Streets, avenues

Downing Street,

Oxford Str.,

Fifth Avenue,

Charing Cross Road

the London Road, the Mall,

the Champs of Elysees (Єлисейськіполя),

theEdgwareRoad,

the High Street

but in the address:

24 High Street,

104 EdgwareRoad

Bodies of water:

• rivers

• lakes

• gulfs, bays

(usually smaller than gulfs), straits

• cannels,

channels

• seas

• oceans

• waterfalls

Sg.

Victoria Lake,

Lake Huron,

Lakes Michigan and Ontario,

Loch Ness,

Mono Lake,

Lake Ladoga

Hudson Bay, San Francisco Bay,

Gibraltar

the (River) Thames,

the River Seine,

the Mississippi,

the Nile,

the Danube,

the Rhine,

theDnipro

the lake of Geneva,

the Baikal,

the Huron (without the word ‘lake’!)

Pl.the Great Lakes

the Persian Gulf,

the Gulf of Finland

the Bay of Biscayne

the Bay of Bengal

the Strait(s) of Gibraltar,

the Strait of Magellan,

the Panama Canal,

the Suez Canal,

the (English) Channel

the Black Sea,

the Dead Sea,

the Mediterranean

the Caspian sea

the Atlantic ocean,

the Pacific

the Iguaçu Falls,

the Victoria Falls

the Great Salt Lake

Niagara (Falls)

• islands

individual island

Long Island,

Hong Kong, Tahiti, Crete, Corsica, Cyprus [sai..]

groups of islands:

the British Isles,

the Hawaiian Islands,

the West Indies,

the Bahamas,

theBermudas,

the Canaries = the Canary Islands

Note:

the Isle of Man

Mountains, peaks, hills

individual mountain

Ben Nevis, Elbrus, Everest,

Mont Blanc, Snowdon, Kilimanjaro,

Mount Fuji,

Mounts Whitney and Rainier

mountain ranges

the Andes,

the Alps,

the Himalayas,

theCarpatians,

the Appalachian mountains;

the Rocky mountains or

the Rockies,

the Black Hills

Valleys

the Sacramento valley,

the Hudson valley

Jungles, forests,

rainforest

the Amazon rainforest,

the Black Forest

Deserts

the Sahara,

the Gobi,

the Kara Kum Desert

Category

No article

The

Exceptions

airports, railway stations and other two-word names the first word of which is the name of a person or place

Kennedy Airport, Heathrow,

Gatwick Airport,

Victoria Station,

King’s Cross Station,

Windsor Castle,

Buckingham Palace

most hotels

But:Claridge’s

Brown’s Hotel

the Hilton (hotel)

the Ritz, the Plaza hotel, the Carlton

banks

Lloyds Bank

Barclays Bank

the bank of England

shops

Harrods, Selfridges,

Marks and Spencers

restaurants, pubs

Maxim’s,Macdonalds, Luigi’s Italian Restaurant,

Leoni’s(restaurant)

Emma’s pub

the Red Lion (pub)

the Café Royal

cinemas, theatres,

concert halls

the Odeon, the Globe,

the Coliseum (theatre), the National Theatre, the Carnegie Hall

museums, art galleries, monuments

the Prado, the Louvre, the British Museum,

the Museum of Modern Art,

the Tate Gallery,

the Lincoln Memorial,

the Washington Monument,

theTrevi Fountain,

theColosseum

hospitals

Guy’s (hospital)

the London Hospital

schools, colleges, universities

Manchester Grammar School, Carnegie College,

Bristol University,

Cambridge University,

Oxford University,

Kyiv National Economic University

the University of Texas

organisations

Usually no article is used if the abbreviation is pronounced as a word: NATO,

OPEC ['oupэk]

the UN, the BBC, the EU= the European Union, theLabour Party

the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

most of political and governmental

institutions

the Senate,

the Cabinet,

the Ministry,

theBunderstag,

the Supreme Court,

the British Parliament

Parliament, Congress, Kent County Council, Leeds City Council

most companies and firms

General Motors, Sony, Nissan, Shell, IBM, KLM

churches, cathedrals, abbeys

St John’s Church,

St Paul’s Cathedral

Westminster Abbey

the Domincan Abbey

names of buildings with ‘of’

the Houses of Parliament,

the Tower of London, the Great Wall of China,

the Leaning Tower of Pisa,

the Palace of Versalles,

the Federal Bureau of Investigation

zoos

London zoo

parks and squares

Hyde park, Trafalgar Square, George Square

ships

the Titanic,

the Mary Rose,

the Discovery

Назви

З артиклем the

Без артикля

Історичніподії і періоди

the French Revolution, the Stone Age

Roman Britain,

Post-War Germany

Книги, фільми, документи

the Bible, the Odyssey, the Graduate, the Great Charter

Jaws

Газети, журнали, телебачення

the Times, the Economist (the press, the radio, the television)

Pravda, Korrespondent, Life, Time

Оркестри,

музичні гурти

the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Beatles

uranDuran, DepecheMode

Музичніінструменти і танці

to play the piano/the violin/the guitar, to dance the tango.

Thisisthe 1979 recording.

with Ellison on bass guitar

Назвакраїни

Прикметник

Національність

Жителікраїни

Назвамови

Belgium

Belgian

a Belgian

theBelgians

Dutch, French, German

Britain / England / Great Britain / the UK

British / English

a Brition

a Brit

a Britisher

anEnglishman

(Englishwoman)

the British

Britions

Britisher

the English

Englishmen

English

Chile

Chilean

a Chilean

theChileans

Spanish

Cyprus

Cyprian

a Cypriote

theCyprians

Greek, Turkish

Denmark

Danish

a Dane

theDanish /

(the) Danes

Danish

Finland

Finnish

a Finn

theFinnish /

Finns

Finnish

France

French

a Frenchman

a Frenchwoman

theFrench /

Frenchmen

French

Holland /

theNetherlands

Dutch

a Dutchman

a Dutchwoman

theDutch /

Dutchmen

Dutch

Iraq (Irak)

Iraqi

anIraqi

theIraqi

Arabic / Kurdish

Israel

Israeli

anIsraeli

theIsraelis

Hebrew

thePhilippines

Filipino

a Filipino

(the) Filipinos

Filipino (Tagalog)

Poland

Polish

a Pole

(the) Poles

Polish

Russia

Russian

a Russian

(the) Russians

Russian

Scotland

Scottish / Scotch

a Scot / a Scotsman (Scotswoman)

(the) Scots

Scottish

Spain

Spanish

a Spaniard

(a Spanish woman)

the Spanish

Spanish

the Sudan

Sudanese / Sudani

a Sudanese / a Sudani

the Sudanese / the Sudani

Arabic

Sweden

Swedish

a Swede

the Swedish / (the) Swedes

Swedish

Switzerland

Swiss

a Swiss

the Swiss

German, French, Italian

Thailand

Thai

a Thai

the Thais

Thai

Turkey

Turkish

a Turk

(the) Turks

Turkish

Ukraine

Ukrainian

a Ukrainian

(the) Ukrainians

Ukrainian

the USA / America

American

an American

(the) Americans

English

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwean

the Zimbabwean

the Zimbabwean

English

Без артикля

А

The

Загальнезначення

Описовевизначення

Лімітованевизначеннячи контекст

Monday is always a bad day.

It was a very hectic Monday

The Monday you are speaking about was tiring.

We'll wait till night and then call the police.

I could never imagine such an awful night.

We stayed at the motel for the night.

We get good crops of apples in autumn.

We are having a wonderful autumn this year.

The autumn in Colorado was long and wet.

Особливостівживання

at dawn, at midnight, before morning, by day, in winter, on Tuesday, on New Year's day, in March, every other day, day after day, from morning till night next week, last year

in a day

a week from today

a fortnightfromtomorrow

in th evening, in the morning, the other morning, the day after tomorrow, the following day, the year after next, in the past, in the future, in the end, in the 19th century, in the holidays, at the moment

Артиклі з назвамиприйомуїжі

Без артикля

А

The

Загльнезначення

Описовевизначення

Лімітованевизначеннячи контекст

Dinner is served.

Let's have lunch.

That was a very nice dinner.

We had a late lunch.

Soon the dinner was served.

I was not invited to the formal dinner.

Взначенні «порція»:

to have a meal

to have a drink

to have a snack

В значенні «прийом гостей, вечір, вечірка»:

We met him at a public dinner.

He couldn't afford in a cheap cafe.

Без артикля

A

The

GeorgeBush

PresidentBush

В значенні «хтосьізсім’ї»:

He was a Bush and wanted to become president.

В значенні «члени однієїсім’ї»:

The Bushes are coming to this dinner.

АЛЕ: There are many Wilsons, Smiths and Browns in England. (значення просто множини)

MrSmith

Linda

Взначенні «хтось»:

A Mr Smith left a message for you.

A Lindacalled.

Взначенні «визначенаособа»:

He’s the Smith I met last night.

Linda at 45 was still the Linda of 20.

David Beckham

Alice in Wonderland

При вказівці на риси, якіасоціюються з кимось:

Jack plays football well, but he’ll never be a Beckham.

She felt like an Alice in Wonderland.

SalvadorDali

ChristianDior

Зціллювказівки на авторські твори:

The art dealer agreed to buy a Dali.

She wants to wear a Dior this time.

Артиклізіменникамиbed, hospital, church, school, class,

college, court, market, prison, university

Без артикля

A/The

Якщоціпредмети і закладивикористовуються за призначенням

Якщо вони означають просто місце

My father is in hospital (налікуванні)

He was taken to hospital after the heart attack. (з метою лікування)

I saw my father in the hospital. (уприміщеннілікарні)

This is a new hospital. (приміщення)

The children are in school now, and my mother is in church.

It’s an old school.

There’s a meeting at the school at 7 o’cloc.

АЛЕ: at a/the office/factory, cathedral, mosque

A

The

Без артикля

Ізобчислюваними іменниками в однині

Зіменемвідомоїперсони, при наявностілімітованоговизначеннячи контексту

При зазначенніна посаду чипропозицію, яку можезаймати одна людина: president, head, author, minister

D.H. Lawrence, an author from Nottingham, wrote a book called ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’. (авторможебутиневідомим)

My friend, a dentist, works long hours.

D.H. Lawrence, the author of ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’, died in 1930. (ім’яавторавідомобагатьом)

Miss Hicks, the supervising nurse, is coming to see you.

D.H. Lawrence, author of ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’, died in 1930. (ім’яавторавідомозагалу)

Mrs Banks, Head of Logistics, is from Toronto.

АЛЕ:

The prime minister is fond of dogs. (мовайде про людину, а не її посаду)

Mr Blair, prime minister of England, has arrived in Paris.

the painter Rubens

the playwright Pinter

the calculating Becky

the Emperor Napoleon

АЛЕ: Queen Anne

Pope Benedict

President Lincoln

DoctorHouse

Іменники, якіозначаютьофіційну посаду, в функціїпредикативутакожвживаються без артикля: HecametoKyivwhenhewasMinisterofDefense.

Прийменники

A

Без артикля

The

from

не вживається

from memory

from day to day

fromscratch

from the cradle

from the stable

fromthewordgo

in

in a mess

in a minute

in a whisper

in debt

in tears

in comfort

in the egg

in the end

inthe couds

on

on a bet

on a diet

on a leash

on time

on strike

on reflection

on the hour

on the radio

ontheway

with

with a nod

with a heavy heart

with a bounce

with smiles

with good grace

with kid gloves

with the word

with the colors

withtheexceptionof

like

like a dream

like a brother

like a king

like beans,

like show business,

like clock-work

likethewind

as

as brave as a lion

as fit as a fiddle

as mad as a hatter

as good as gold

as hard as nails

assafeashouses

as the crow files

as good as the first time

by

by a majority

by a hair

by a closeshave

by post

by degrees

by credit card

by the way

by the head and ears

bythedozen

at

at a profit

at a glance

at a moment’snotice

at sea

at first hand

at pains

at the cross-roads

at the moment

attheweekend

for

for a walk

for a change

for a rainyday

for sale

for fun

for starters

for the record

for the rest

for the time being

Здійснимиіменниками

a bit of chalk – two bits of chalk

a roll of paper

a can of beer

a kilo of sugar

a grain of rice

Знеобчислюваними абстрактнимиіменниками

an item of news – some items of news

a branch of knowledge

a period of calm

a piece of research

a vase of flower

Зіменниками в множині

a book of stamps –

ten books of stamps

a cartoon of cigarettes

a box of matches

a tin of sardines

a vase of flowers

Зназвами ігор

a game of football- many games of football

a game of chess

a game of billiards

Зназвамипарнихпредметів і одягу

a pair of gloves –

two pairs of gloves

a pair of jeans

a pair of skates

Знеобчислюваними іменниками і обчислюваними іменниками в однині в значенні«тип, сорт, вид будь-чого»

a type of cloth –

some types of cloth

a brand of soap

a sort of cake

a species of insect

a kind of friendship