Навчально - методичний центр професійно - технічної освіти

у Херсонській області

ДНЗ «Херсонське вище професійне комерційне училище»

Навчальний посібник для учнів ПТНЗ

Херсон – 2012

Meals

Тематичний навчальний посібник для учнів ПТНЗ

Автор: Гаврилюк І.А., викладач іноземної мови, спеціаліст вищої категорії, ДНЗ «Херсонське вище професійне комерційне училище», 2012.

Рецензент: Андрейко Я.І., методист НМЦ ПТО у Херсонській області

Навчальний посібник рекомендований для учнів професійно-технічних навчальних закладів, особливо тих, які здобувають професії «Кухар», «Кондитер». Метою посібника є вдосконалення мовленнєвих умінь учнів на фаховому рівні, засвоєння основних граматичних структур і професійної лексики з тематичних розділів: «Харчування», «Робота і професія», «Культура харчування».

Посібник заповнює інформаційну прогалину з професійної тематики, ознайомлюючи учнів ПТНЗ із сучасними поглядами на харчування у світі та в Україні.

Розглянуто і рекомендовано до впровадження в роботу ПТНЗ методичною радою НМЦ ПТО у Херсонській області (протокол №12 від 22.12.2011р.)

Передмова

Навчальний посібник розрахований на учнів професійно-технічних навчальних закладів, особливо тих, які здобувають професії «Кухар», «Кондитер». Головною метою навчального посібника є вдосконалення мовленнєвих умінь учнів на фаховому рівні. Посібник заповнює інформаційну прогалину з професійної тематики, ознайомлюючи учнів ПТНЗ із сучасними поглядами на харчування у світі та в Україні. Учні повинні набути навичок читання й вимови, засвоїти основні граматичні структури і професійну лексику з тематичних розділів: «Харчування», «Робота і професія», «Культура харчування». Це дозволить їм вільно читати й розуміти фахово-орієнтовану англомовну літературу та спілкуватися на професійні теми.

Підбір текстів, розробка системи лексичних і граматичних вправ, складання тестових завдань виконані з урахуванням діючої програми з іноземної мови для загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів, 10-11 класи (рівень стандарту), затвердженої Міністерством освіти і науки України (лист від 22.02 2008 № 122).

Посібник складається з розділів:

• Українська кухня

• Британська кухня

• Американська кухня

• Сніданок

• Обід

• Вечеря

• Здорове харчування

• Етикет. Поведінка за столом

Кожний розділ складається з тематичних текстів та лексико-граматичних і комунікативних вправ до них, текстів для додаткового читання та тестових завдань.

Навчальні тематичні професійні тексти призначені для розвитку нави­чок читання шляхом раціонального використання дво­мовних словників і збагачення словникового запасу учнів, а також аналізу тексту. Післятекстові фонетико-орфоепічні та лексичні вправи призначені для розвитку комунікативних здібностей та досягнення лінгвістичної та соціокультурної компетенції. Лексика цих вправ пов'язує­ться з лексикою текстів.

Додаткові тексти мають на меті розвиток навичок оглядового та ознайомчого читання, анотування, реферування, скла­дання резюме, планів тощо, а також усного мовлення. Ці тексти закріплюють й активізують лексико-граматичний матеріал основ­ного тексту. Роботу над ними рекомендується виконувати під час аудиторних занять.

Додаткові тексти супроводжуються дотекстовими вправами на подолання фонетичних та лексико-семантичних труднощів і післятекстовими завданнями проблемного характеру.

При розміщенні текстів дотримано дидактичного принципу поступового зростання труднощів — як лексичних, так і граматич­них, забезпечено достатню повторюваність основної лексики.

Система граматичних і лексичних вправ має на меті закріп­лення й активізацію навчального матеріалу, а також розвиток в учнів навичок усного і письмового переказу рідною та англійською мо­вами.

Тестові завдання мають на меті перевірку рівня розуміння та засвоєння лексичного та граматичного матеріалу.

UNIT 1

TEXT "MEALS IN UKRAINE"

Since old time Ukrainian national cooking is fa­mous for great variety of tasty and useful dishes. They are good for health because combine almost everything the human body needs to be healthy. For example, the most popular soup, called borsch, has up to 20 com­ponents. A big plate of good borsch gives the person almost all elements and enough energy for a half of a working day or so. So many Ukrainians prefer to eat borsch before hard work.

Ukrainian traditional foods and drinks are very interesting from medical point of view. Doctors say that a person, who keeps old Ukrainian traditions in meals, gets everything he needs for health and fruitful mental and physical work. Traditional combinations of products supply the body and brain with all necessary elements and help the body to process meals on the best way.

Chose the right variant

1. Ukrainian national cooking is ... .

1. spicy

2. delicious

3. famous

d) nutritional

2. How do people call the national soup ... .

1. soup with potatoes

2. green borsch with rice

3. borsch d)soup with rice

3. When do the Ukrainians prefer to eat their na­tional dish?

1. before hard work

2. before supper

3. after lunch

4. after dinner

4. Doctors say about the keeping old Ukrainian tradi­tions in meals ....

1. combines good and bad elements

2. gets everything bad he needs for health

3. gets vitamins for our health

d)gets everything good he needs for health

Look at the picture and tell:

• Is it a traditional Ukrainian family?

• Why do Ukrainians prefer to eat traditional food?

• Why borsch useful for our health and body?

Play a role-game.

One pupil comes to the blackboard and imagines a picture, describes meals. Another pupil has to draw this imaginative picture in the blackboard.

Match the nouns to the verbs:

Translate the riddles.

Would you like to listen to them and guess the an­swer?

• They do not eat me alone, but cannot eat without me. What am I?

• What is white outside and yellow inside?

• A hundred shirts and all without buttons. What is it?

• What house has many people inside, but neither windows nor doors?

Fill in the words from the box and read the recipe

Learn the way we make a tomato and cheese sandwich.

put (x3) cut eat slice (x2)

Tomato and Cheese Sandwich

... to open the bread roll,

... the tomatoes.

... the cheese.

... tomato slices on the bread.

... some cheese on top.

... the top of the bread roll on top.

Now ... your sandwich. It's delicious!

Task is to complete the World Map with as many kinds of food and drinks as you can

Imagine you were invited at party.

One student is going to cook some dishes and the second one is going shopping. Using the following expressions role-play the situation.

First student.

I need some ... .I am going to cook ... . No, ... is enough. You may buy a ... .

Second student.

Do you need some .... Do you think it will be enough? What about some ... ? Why don't we buy a ... ?

Read the following list of dishes. Which of them are Ukrainian?

Pizza, macaroni, borsch, cabbage soup (kapusniak), deruny, var­enyky, holubtsi, beefsteak, pud­ding, French fries.

What is your favourite food made of potatoes? Continue phrase: Potato is very im­portant vegetable for Ukrainians because...

Text Ukrainian Traditional Food

Deruny is a traditional Ukrainian dish made of potatoes. Deruny are small po­tato pancakes fried in oil. We eat deruny with sour-cream. Ukrainians prepare deruny filled with meat or cottage cheese, fried mushrooms. They are very tasty!

You prepare deruny in this way: First you grate the potato, then you may add eggs, flour, then fry the mixture in the pan. They are very tasty with butter, sour cream and when they are hot.

Another favourite Ukrainian dish is borsch. It is made of potatoes, beets, cabbage, meat and tomato source.

Ukrainians like varenyky very much. Varenyky can be filled with cheese, po­tatoes, cabbage, meat. So, Ukrainian cuisine is rich and tasty!

Complete the mind-map " Ukrain­ian traditional food".

Fill in the chart "The way of cook­ing deruny".

First, you... Then you... After that you...

Fill in the chart "The way of cook­ing borshch, .

To cook borshch, all you need is: …..

Fill in the chart "To cook varenyky all you need is

To cook varenyky all you need is……..

Say if it is true or false:

1. Deruny is a traditional English food;

2. Deruny are small fruit pancakes;

3. Deruny are very tasty with ice-cream;

4. Borshch is a favourite Ukrainian dish;

5. Ukrainians like varenyky very much;

React to the statements, saying whether they are true or not, using the expressions:

• I agree with you.

• I disagree with you.

• You are right.

• You are not right.

• You are mistaken.

• It is false.

• It is true.

1. Roast beef and beefsteak are tradi­tional Ukrainian dishes.

2. Sandwiches and cheese Cheddar are English dishes.

3. Pudding is an Italian dish.

4. Englishmen like apple pie very much.

5. Ukrainian tea is very famous.

6. To prepare salad "Piccadilly" is very tasty with potatoes, herring, eggs and mayonnaise.

7. Piccadilly is a name of a street in London.

8. English tea is very famous!

Work with the bubbles. The dialogue is written on the bubbles. Put the bubbles in the correct order and read the dia­logue.

Singing a song "I like food"

I like food I like food,

I like eating lots and lots of food. (2 times)

Bread and jam, and meat and fish,

Cakes and biscuits, too.

Beans and mustard, eggs and chips,

Mutton steaks, potatoes, peas,

And salted mushrooms, too.

I like food,

I like eating lots and lots of food. {2 times)

Cabbage, tomatoes, lettuce leaves,

C hocolate and cheese,

Toast and butter, soup and spices,

Onions, cereal, cucumber slices,

Marrows, pumpkins, beets.

Don't forget I also like drinking, when I eat:

Coffee, tea and water soda,

Fruity lemonade, Coca-Cola,

Sugar makes them sweet.

I like food, I like eating lots and lots of food. (2 times)

Some more, please!

Text Cuisine

Ukrainian cuisine is closely linked to the customs, culture and way of life of the Ukrainian people. It is famous for its diversity and quality of flavour. The most popular Ukrainian dish is "borsch". This thick and delicious soup is prepared with a variety of ingredients including meat, mushrooms, beans, and even prunes. Mushroom soups, bean and pea soups, soups with dumplings and thick millet chowders are also popular. "Holubtsi", or stuffed cabbage, is an­other favourite dish, as are "varenyky" filled with potatoes, meat, cheese, sau­erkraut, or berries such as blueberries or cherries. Varenyky are often mentioned in folk songs. Ukrainians like dairy products. Some samples: cottage cheese pancakes, "riazhanka" (fermented baked milk). There are no holidays without pies, "pampushky" (type of flitter), "baba" a tall, cylindrical cake), honey cakes, Ukrainian sausage is very tasty It is preserved in a special way — in porcelain vessels smothered in melted fat. Of course, every region of Ukraine has its own recipes and traditions.

Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Like, diversity sauerkraut, closely, tasty flavour, dish, region, folk, stuffed cabbage, holidays.

1. Ukrainian cuisine is---------- linked to the customs and culture.

2. It is famous for its--------- and quality of

3. The most popular Ukrainian---------is borsch.

4. Holubtsy or-------------is another favourite dish.

5. Varenyky can be filled with potatoes, meat, cheese,----or berries.

6. They are often mentioned in ------songs.

7. Ukrainians----dairy products.

8. There are no------without pies.

9. Ukrainian sausage is very ----

10. Of course, every---of Ukraine has its own recipes and traditions.

Answer the questions?

1. What is "cooking"?

1. Do you know anything about the methods of cook­ing?

2. How did the ancient Egyptians and Romans cook their food?

Guess the meaning of the words

1. leather — the skin of animals which has been spe­cially treated

2. the Middle Ages - the period of European history from about 1100 to 1500 AD

3. to heat — to make something hot or warm

4. the wealthy — rich people

5. iron cook - stove

Look through, read to the text and try to match the escriptions with the dates on the timeline.

AD 400 AD 1500 1800 1860 1930s 1950s

a. boiling food in leather, wood baskets and shells

b. electric cookers became popular

c. gas cookers began to be used in cities

d. iron cook stoves burning wood became popular

e. microwaves were introduced

f. roasting meat over open fires; the wealthy had ovens in their homes

Text TAPESCRIPT

People throughout history used different methods of cooking.

People roasted meat over small open fires. Boiling ap­peared later than other methods of cooking because it needed a container for the water. People boiled food in leather, wood baskets and shells before metal containers were developed.

During the Middle Ages, a period that lasted from the AD 400s to the 1500s, people in Europe used fireplaces for cooking. They heated food in a kettle and roasted meat over the fire. Only the wealthy had ovens in their homes.

Iron cook stoves, most of which burned wood, became popular in the early 1800s. Gas cookers began to be used in cities during the 1860s.

Electric cookers became popular in the 1930s.

Microwave ovens were introduced in the 1950s. As a result, cooking today is much easier and faster than ever.

Read the rules one should keep to while being in the kitchen them and think why we should follow them, which of the rules should we always keep, and why? Which of the rules can we skip.

• Don't play with matches in a flat.

• Use oven mitts (no dish towels) when handling hot pots, pans or baking trays.

• Get help from an adult when using a gas stove. Never try to relight the pilot light on a gas stove. Only an adult should do this.

• Turn the gas off.

• Turn the water off.

• Put knives and other sharp things into drawers.

• Turn pot and pan handles toward the back of the stove, so you won't knock them over by accident.

• Use only microwave-safe cookware in the micro­wave - never tinfoil or anything metal. When you're not sure if something is safe for use in the microwave, ask an adult first.

Read the rules once again and try to remember them! Give their Ukrainian translation.

• If you play with matches in the flat, it can cause fire.

• If you forget to turn the gas off, it can cause an explo­sion in your flat.

• If you don't put knives or other sharp things into drawers, you can hurt yourselves.

• If you forget to turn the water off, you can flood your flat.

Give their Ukrainian translation of the words

What food do you like to cook? What cooking equipment do you use?

And which pieces of cooking equipment do you use more? What do you use each piece for?

1. knives

2. a (frying) pan

3. a grill

4. a pot

5. a food processor

6. a wooden spoon

7. a grater

8. a vegetable peeler

9. a bottle opener

10. a can opener

11. a ladle

12. a hand mixer

13. a measuring cup

14. a vegetable steamer

Do you know what cooking equipment is used in foreign countries? Read the text to find it out, and fill in the gaps.

(cooking equipment; pot; pan; grill; vegetable steamer; measuring cup; spoons; cutting board; knives; grater; food processor.)

Every country has its own c---------For ex­ ample, Italian kitchens usually have a big p------for cooking pasta. Many Mexican kitchens have a special p---to make tortillas. Asian kitchens often have a g-------for meat and a special v-----. Ukrainian kitchens have beautifully decorated wooden cooking items such as m-----, с------and s----- Many kitchens around the world have a set of k---a g----and a f----.

Make a Map Mind "Cooking equipment"

Read & translate the text HOT BORSCH

Make meat and bone broth.

Peel beet, cut into long strips, add salt, sprinkle with vinegar, place into the frying pan, add fat, tomato sauce, sugar and stew until half done. Slice onions and grate carrots and put into the frying pan too. Cook chopped fresh cabbage and potatoes for 15-20 minutes. Then add the mixture from the frying pan. Simmer for 15 minutes. Season with cloves of garlic and parsley roots. Bring to the boiling point and let stand from 15 to 20 minutes.

When serving put a piece of meat into each soup plate, a tablespoon of sour cream and sprinkle with finely chopped parsley.

Read & translate the text VARENYKY WITH COTTAGE CHEESE

Pour tepid water or milk over a portion of the flour.

Mix well, add the rest of liquid. Add one egg (preferably only egg yolk), salt, the remaining flour, make dough and leave for 40 minutes. Rub cottage cheese through a sieve, mix with salt, sugar and raw eggs. Roll the dough into thin flat round pieces, place about one teaspoon of cottage cheese filling on them and close edges firmly by pinching.

Drop varenyky one by one into boiling salted water and then boil for 5-7 minutes. Serve buttered with sour cream. Ukrainians: We have a question concerning the origin of such a popular dish as sandwich. We've got some information about it.

Read expressions and proverbs, try to remember them and use in your speech situations.

1. To stew in one's own juice — варитися у власному сокові.

2. То serve somebody with the same sauce — відплатити тією самою монетою.

3. То save one's bacon — урятувати власну шкіру.

4. То make mincemeat of — знищити, перетворити на котлету.Out of the frying pan into the fire — з вогню та в полум'я.

5. Great boast, small roast — Багато шуму та мало діла.

6. The pot calls the kettle black — Чия б ко­рова не мукала, а твоя б мовчала.

7. In wine — напідпитку.

8. То ride sandwich — їхати втиснутим між двома пасажирами.

9. То take wine with somebody — випити за чиєсь здоров'я, обмінятися тостами.

10. Every cook praises his own broth — Кожний кулик своє болото хвалить

Read & translate the text TRADITIONAL FOOD

Ukrainian cuisine is rich and varied. Since ancient times bread has held a special primary position in the cuisine of Ukrainian people. Sour rye bread and white wheat bread are baked in Ukraine. For the common people bread was an object of reverence. It is used to bring divine blessings to the commencement of every farm task, the marriage ceremony, the birth of a child, the move to a new home and as a sign of hospitality.

The favourite dishes made of flour are dumplings and filled dumplings with various types of filling: cheese, potato, cabbage, meat, buckwheat. Noodles, made of egg dough are served with soup or sprinkled with cheese The potato is the most widely used vegetable in Ukrainian cooking. It is the necessary ingredient m all soups. Boiled or baked potatoes are served with meat, fish, cheese, cabbage, mushrooms etc. Potato pancakes are served with cheese or sour cream.

Another important element in Ukrainian cooking is cabbage, particularly sauerkraut which is used to make cabbage soup (kapusniak) or is served with meat, or potatoes. Cabbage leaves are used in making cabbage rolls (holubtsi) which are filled with buckwheat, rice, and meat. According to a Ukrainian tradition, soup or borshch must be served with dinner. Various soups made with meat, fish, vegetables or milk are popular but borshch remains the favourite. It is made of vegetables among which beets and cabbage are predominant. Meat is usually eaten on feast days, Sundays or at family celebrations. The most popular meat is pork and its products, such as ham, sausage, blood sausage, smoked bacon and salt pork. Foods prepared with milk, dairy products have long been a part of Ukrainian cooking. Soured milk is a favourite drink throughout Ukraine, cottage cheese is eaten mixed with sour cream. Salty cheese from sheep's milk (brynza) is made in the Hutsul region and Bukovyna. Bread kvas, fruit or cucumber broth are popular folk beverages in Ukraine. Tea is the most widely consumed hot beverage followed by coffee and cocoa. Alcoholic beverages such as mead, wine, fruit liqueurs (nalyvka), alcohol with pepper and beer have been popular for many centuries.

What have you got to know?

• bread

• milk

• cereal

• meat

• beverages

• cabbage

• potatoes

• borshch

Speak about your favourite food (as if you had to write your own story to the magazine). Use the text and the vocabulary notes.

Complete the dialogue using the topical vocabulary. Act out the following situation

Imagine that you' have to live in dormitories and cook for yourselves. What will you cook? Imagine and act out such situation using the model:

A: I was thinking of cooking dinner tonight. Any ideas?

B: What about... or...?

A: I could go for...

C: All right. Do we need to buy anything?

B: I'm making a shopping list right now.

A: I definitely think we need...

C: What's a ... without...

Write how to cook your favorite traditional Ukrainian dishes.

Translate recipes of dishes into the Ukrainian language

CUCUMBER SALAD

Ingredients:

• 4 cucumbers, peeled and sliced thinly, teaspoons salt, 3/ 5 tablespoons sour cream, 4/1 tablespoon lemon juice, 1 teaspoon sugar, 0,25 teaspoon pepper. Steps.

• Layer cucumbers in a shallow dish, sprinkling some of the salt between layers.

• Let cucumbers sit at room temperature for 1 hour. Drain off liquid and dry with a paper towel.

• Put sour cream, lemon juice, sugar, and pepper in a medium bowl. Beat together.

• S tir in cucumbers.

• Add the rest of the salt to taste.

• Cover and chill.

• Serve cold.

PYROHY

Ingredients:

• 1 0,5 cups flour

• 1 teaspoon salt

• 1/3 cup shortening

• 4 tablespoons sour cream 1 cup cooked ground beef

• 1 egg beaten

• 2 eggs, hard boiled and chopped 4 table spoons chopped onion

• 0,5 teaspoon dill weed

• 0,75 teaspoon salt

• 0,25 teaspoon pepper

• 3drops Tabasco

• Steps.

• Mix flour and salt in a large bowl.

• Cut in shortening and sour cream.

• With clean hands fori* into a soft dough. Add cold water if necessary.

• Refrigerate dough for 30 minutes.

• Combine beef, half of beaten egg, hard-boiled eggs, onion, dillweed, salt, pepper, and Tabasco in a medium bowl. Mix well.

• Preheat oven to 400 degrees.

• Roll dough out onto a floured board to 0,25-inch thick.

• Cut dough into 3-inch circles.

• Put a small amount of meat mixture into center of each circle and fold dough over into a half circle.

• Press edges together and brush top with saved beaten egg.

• Bake on a greased baking sheet for 15 minutes or until lightly browned.

• Serve hot.

KASHA

• I egg, beaten

• cup kasha /buckwheat grouts/ 0,25 cup butter, cut in pieces

• 0,25 cups chicken broth 0,75 teaspoon salt

• 0,25 teaspoon pepper Steps.

• Put egg and kasha in a medium bowl. Mix well.

• Put a large frying pan over medium heat. Add kasha.

• Cook, stirring constantly, until kasha is toasted and dried out.

• A dd rest of ingredients. Reduce heat to low.

• Cover pan. Simmer for 15 minutes.

• Stir occasionally.

• Cook until kasha has absorbed liquid and

• is tender but not mushy. Add water if necessary.

• Fluff with a fork. Serve hot.

Try to read some scram­bled words

DINGPUD CHORBSH BADRE

ETA LADSA

TEAM TERBUT

RUFIT WETESS

Make up sentences with the words

Read the words (Pudding, tea, meat, fruit, borsch, salad, butter, sweets, bread)

and make up sentences with them.

Ask questions about the meaning of these words.

• What can you drink?

• What can you eat for breakfast?

• What can you bake?

• What is sweet?

• What can you do with vegetable and fruit?

• What is a Ukrainian dish?

• What can you boil and fry?

• What can you eat for the second course?

• What can you spread on the bread?

• You have done this work well.

Divided into groups and pairs.

Choose the fruit you like best of all, and say why you like it.

I like ... because it is ... .

Make the healthy menu for Saturday and Mon­day.

Divide foods into two groups — healthy and harmful (junk).

Find the odd word out and cross it out.

1. Carrot, melon, onion, cabbage, potato.

2. Grapes, apple, pear, plum, nut.

3. Lemonade, tea, cocoa, sugar, coffee.

4. Ice-cream, toast with jam, pea-soup, cake, sweet.

5. Bacon, turkey, chicken, garlic, pork.

Match the words together with translation.

То peel potatoes	нарізати сир
To fry meat	готувати обід
То mix salad	чистити картоплю
To add salt	подрібнити цибулю
То chop onions	смажити м'ясо
То slice cheese	кип'ятити воду
То boil water	розмішувати салат
То cook dinner	додати сіль

Unscramble the dialogue and read or act it.

1. cream an ice Do want you?

2. yes, ice cream want an I.

3. you Do chocolate want?

4. Yes, want chocolate I.

5. sandwich a Do want you?

6. No, sandwich I don't want a...

7. want you What do eat to?

8. eat a I want hamburger to.

Make the recipe from these ingredients:

an orange, a banana, grapes, a pineapple, sour-cream, nuts.

Materials for the additional reading

Meals in Ukraine

Ukrainians like to eat a lot of good, tasty food cooked of fresh products. Fruit and vegetables, grown under the hot sun in rich Ukrainian soil, have natural taste of real nature products. Ukrainians like to cook and treat their guests. The foreigners who arrive in Ukraine find the national dishes very delicious. Since old times Ukrainian national cooking is famous for great variety of tasty and useful dishes. Even our great-grandmothers collected receipts cook­ing different dishes. This tradition is keeping by the generations. For example, the most popular dish, called borsch, has up to 20 components. It is essential dinner dish. In Ukraine they say, "Each hostess has her borsch" because there are lots of variants to cook it. The most popular traditional types of soups are kapusniak, kulish or kuleshyk, yushka, scherba (fish soup), chicken broth, noodle soup, pea soup, fish soup and milk soup, mushroom soup. Cooked meat is popular in hundred of dishes. In traditional meat dishes many herbs are used. The plants make the dishes more tasty and very useful for health. Fried, roasted or boiled meat, cutlets, meat dumplings go for the second course. If you are a vege­tarian fried, boiled or mashed pota­toes, salads, boiled or stewed vegeta­bles are prepared. A great plenty of dishes are cooked of vegetables and mushrooms. Milk and soft cheese are used very often in Ukrainian cooking. There are vari­ous milk soups, cheese cakes, fried pies of cheese paste, pancakes with soft cheese filling and so on. Many dishes are cooked of flour, for ex­ample, varenyks, halushkas, pancakes, pies. In short, baking is very popular all over the country. Among traditional drinks you'll find uzvar, holodnyk, kvas, herb tea, milk, stewed fruit, sour milk and juice. Be­sides, many people like tea, coffee and cocoa. Traditional Ukrainian alcoholic drinks are not strong. They are honey drinks, beer and good wines. Stronger drinks, like horilka, traditionally had herbs and were used in small doses to warm the body but not to make the person drunk. Many people prefer old traditional light drinks. It is difficult to say how many hundreds or even thousands of receipts are used in traditional Ukrainian cooking. Every family has at least some family re­ceipts. Ukrainian women usually cook well and many of them are real masters in preparing food and drinks. Their fan­tasy, based on folk traditions, is endless. You'll never leave Ukrainian family be­ing hungry.

Read & translate the text ODE TO BORSCH

In Ukraine, a meal would be incomplete without a soup course. Be the family rich or poor, soup is a daily "must". Steaming in a kettle on the side of the stove, or in a clay bake-oven. it sends forth a pleasant lingering aroma that stimulates the appetite. Soup never boils with a full, rollicking boil but simmers gently for hours. It is this long, slow cooking that extracts and blends the flavours of the ingredients put into the kettle. Hearty soup, enriched with chunks of meat, along with a sustaining soup accompani­ment of baked cereal "kasha", constitutes the basic meal of any peasant family.

The varieties of soups are as numerous as the cook's imagination is capable of dreaming up. An ingenious and thrifty homemaker is able to concoct a delicious soup from available products, even when the supplies are low. Though Ukrainian soups are numerous, each having its own name, characteristic flavour, and garnish, basically they belong to one or another of the following classifications: vegetable, fish, broth, cereal, cream, milk or fruit puree.

The finishing touches to borsch vary with localand personal tastes. Some like it slightly thickened with a table­spoon of flour or raw egg yolks. Others achieve the same results by cooking a finely diced potato along with the vegetables. To fin­ish borsch in a truly traditional way, most old country cooks mash together a bit of salted pork with some raw onions to a smooth paste. They claim that without this final touch, borsch lacks its character. Some feel that a discreet use of garlic essence is just the thing to blend the borsch flavour together for a richly finished product, unless the borsch is meatless for Lent days, a few tablespoons of sour cream are always added to it just before serving. Sour cream has its own specific flavour that blends ideally with borsch.

Borsch has one great virtue for a busy homemaker.It can be made a day in advance and reheated without any loss of quality. In fact, connoisseurs of borsch are convinced beyond any doubt that a reheated borsch from a previous day is more fiavourful than when eaten the same day it is made.

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