Педагогічний коледж Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка

PROFESSIONALLY ORIENTED TEXTS

ЗБІРНИК

професійно орієнтованих текстів

для студентів напряму підготовки

«Дошкільна освіта»

Укладач – І. Нестер, викладач англійської мови

Львів – 2013

ЗБІРНИК

професійно орієнтованих текстів

для студентів напряму підготовки

«Дошкільна освіта»

Уклав Нестер І.І.

викладач англійської мови

Циклова комісія викладачів

іноземних мов початкового навчання

Збірник професійно орієнтованих текстів містить неадаптовані академічні, наукові та навчальні тексти на професійну тематику для студентів напряму підготовки «Корекційна освіта». Це наукові, енциклопедичні статті, публікації, уривки наукових книжок тощо. Тексти можуть використовуватись перш за все для самостійної роботи – читання, перекладу, вивчення лексики, також можливе використання текстів на практичному занятті.

Актуальність роботи з такими текстами полягає в тому, що в подальшій професійній діяльності, а також при вступі на магістерську програму студенти будуть стикатися з необхідністю одержувати професійну інформацію з різних джерел, в тому числі, англомовних. Практика перекладу цих текстів допоможе в майбутньому справитися з необхідністю прочитати професійну чи наукову статтю в журналі чи газеті, знайти потрібну інформацію в англомовній літературі.

Дані тексти містять велику кількість складних слів, тому на допомогу студентам укладені словники активної спеціалізованої лексики – словник професійно-орієнтованої лексики, а також словник академічної лексики, які слід використовувати при роботі з текстами.

Kindergarten

A kindergarten (from German   Kindergarten, literally "children's garden") is a preschool educational institution for children. The term was created by Friedrich Fröbel for the play and activity institute that he created in 1837 in Bad Blankenburg as a social experience for children for their transition from home to school. His goal was that children should be taken care of and nourished in "children's gardens" like plants in a garden.

The term kindergarten is used around the world to describe a variety of different institutions that have been developed for children ranging from the ages of two to seven, depending on the country concerned. Many of the activities developed by Fröbel are also used around the world under other names. Singing and growing plants have become an integral part of lifelong learning. Playing, activities, experience, and social interaction are now widely accepted as essential aspects of developing skills and knowledge.

In most countries, kindergartens are part of the preschool system of early childhood education.

In the United States and anglophone Canada, as well as in parts of Australia, such as New South Wales, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, kindergarten is the word often restricted in use to describe the first year of education in a primary or elementary school. In some of these countries, it is compulsory; that is, parents must send children to their kindergarten year (generally, at age five by September 1 of the present school year). In other parts of Australia, the term 'preps' is used for compulsory pre-school, and kindergarten (or 'kinder') refers to regulated day-care for 3- and 4-year-old children.

In the United States, many states widely offer a free kindergarten year to children of five to six years of age, but do not make it compulsory, while other states require all five-year-olds to enroll. The terms preschool or less often, "Pre-K", (formerly, nursery school) are used to refer to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. Also, some U.S. school districts provide a half day or full day kindergarten at the parents' election.

In British English, nursery or playgroup is the usual term for preschool education, and kindergarten is rarely used, except in the context of special approaches to education, such as Steiner-Waldorf education (the educational philosophy of which was founded by Rudolf Steiner).

Purpose

Children attend kindergarten to learn to communicate, play, and interact with others appropriately. A teacher provides various materials and activities to motivate these children to learn the language and vocabulary of reading, mathematics, and science, as well as that of music, art, and social behaviors. For children who previously have spent most of their time at home, kindergarten may serve the purpose of helping them adjust to being apart from their parents without anxiety. It may be their first opportunity to play and interact with a consistent group of children on a regular basis. Kindergarten may also allow mothers, fathers, or other caregivers to go back to part-time or full-time employment.

History

In an age when school was restricted to children who had learned to read and write at home, there were many attempts to make school accessible to the children of women who worked in factories. In Scotland in 1816, Robert Owen, a philosopher and pedagogue, opened the first infant school in New Lanark. In conjunction with his venture for cooperative mills Robert Owen wanted the children to be given a good moral education so that they would be fit for work in the mills of New Lanarck. The system that he set up was successful in producing obedient and conforming children who had been taught basic literacy and numeracy skills.^[8] Another was opened by Samuel Wilderspin in London in 1819.^[9]His work provided the model for infant schools throughout England. In 1823 he published his influential work On the Importance of Educating the Infant Poor, based on his experiences at the school. He began working for the Infant School Society the next year, informing others about his views on education. He also wrote "The Infant System, for developing the physical, intellectual, and moral powers off all children from 1 to seven years of age". Play was an important part of Wilderspin's system of education, and he is credited with the invention of the playground. CountessTheresa Brunszvik (1775–1861) was influenced by this example to open an Angyalkert (Angel garden) on May 27, 1828 in her residence in Buda. This concept became popular among the nobility and the middle class and was copied throughout the Hungarian kingdom.

Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852) opened a Play and Activity institute in 1837 in the village of Bad Blankenburg in principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Thuringia, which he renamed Kindergarten on June 28, 1840 to mark the four-hundredth anniversary of Gutenberg's invention of movable type. The women trained by Fröbel opened Kindergartens throughout Europe and around the World.

The first kindergarten in the United States founded in Watertown, Wisconsin, by Margarethe Meyer-Schurz in 1856 was conducted in German. Her sister had founded the first kindergarten in London, England. In some systems kindergarten is called Grade 0, which is also sometimes classified as "a mixture between kindergarten and a school regime."

In 1860, Elizabeth Peabody founded the first English-language kindergarten in America in Boston, after visiting Watertown and travelling to Europe. The first free kindergarten in America was founded in 1870 by Conrad Poppenhusen, a German industrialist and philanthropist who settled in College Point, NY, where he established the Poppenhusen Institute, still in existence today. The first publicly financed kindergarten in the United States was established in St. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow. Elizabeth Harrison wrote extensively on the theory of early childhood education and worked to enhance educational standards for kindergarten teachers by establishing what became the National College of Education in 1886.

The first private kindergarten in Canada was opened by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1870 and by the end of the decade, they were common in large Canadian towns and cities. The country's first public-school kindergartens were established in Berlin, Ontario in 1882 (Central School) and in Toronto in 1883 (Louisa Street Public School). In 1885, the Toronto Normal School (teacher training) opened a department for Kindergarten teaching.