Причастие

1. Не употребляется в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого, не может быть дополнением.

2. В функции определения употребляется без предлога:

• The group carrying out the operation consisted of 20 policemen.

• Группа, выполнявшая операцию, состояла из двадцати полицейских.

3. В функции обстоятельства употребляется без предлога:

• Carrying out the operation the police penetrated into the enemy rear.

• Выполняя операцию, полиция зашла в тыл противника.

Герундий и отглагольное существительное

Отглагольное существительное образуется путем прибавления к основе инфинитива суффикса -ing, т.е. по форме отглагольное существительное совпадает с герундием:

• to begin начинать - beginning начало

• to judge судить - judging судейство

• to investigate расследовать - investigating расследование

Но отглагольное существительное и герундий - это две разные части речи, имеющие разные значения и выполняющие разные функции в предложении.

Отглагольное существительное имеет все свойства существительного и на русский язык переводится чаще всего существительным, герундий же имеет только некоторые свойства существительного.

Различие между герундием и отглагольным существительным

Герундий

Отглагольное существительное

1. Не может иметь артикля: I remember I met him in court. Я помню как встретил его в суде. 2. Не может иметь формы множественного числа: I do not mind if they are deemed a misdemeanor. Я не возражаю если они признаются в проступке. 3. Может иметь прямое дополнение: When the investigator went to the defendant began to testify. Когда следователь зашел подсудимый начал давать показания. 4. Может определяться наречием: Judge does not like when in the courtroom talking loudly. Судье не нравится когда в зале суда громко разговаривают. 5. Имеет формы времени и залога: People object to this misdemeanor. Люди неодобрительно относились к этому проступку.

1. Может иметь артикль: Trial began in 7:00. Судебное заседание началось в 7:00 часов. 2. Может иметь форму множественного числа: All these trials terrifying my tire. Все эти судебные разбирательства страшно меня утомляют. 3. Может иметь предложное дополнение: Investigation of the crime did not take us long. Расследование преступления не заняло у нас много времени. 4. Может определяться прилагательным: Police attention was drawn to loud speech. Внимание полицейского было привлечено его громкой речью. 5. Не имеет форм времени и залога.

Упр.1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя герундий в активной или пассивной форме.

1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital. 4. The child insisted on (to send) home at once. 5. Do you mind him (to examine) by a heart specialist? 6. He showed no sign of (to recognize) me. 7. She showed no sign of (to surprise). 8. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people's business. 9. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 10. He was always ready for (to help) people. 11. He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty. 12. On (to allow) to leave the room the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (to play). 13. In (to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena. 14. The results of the experiment must be checked and re-checked before (to publish). 15. David was tired of (to scold) all the time.

Упр.2. Расположите по порядку:

a) предложения, в которых ing форма является причастием;

b) предложения, в которых ing форма является герундием.

1. a) When we entered the classroom, we saw many students writing at the desks. b) Do you mind my writing with your pen? c) He was writing a letter when I entered the room. 2. a) We all listened with great interest to the speaker criticizing the new book. b) Criticizing the work of our sports club, he said that it was not satisfactory. c) We were criticizing the work of our sanitary committee at that moment. d) I have no objection to your criticizing me. 3. In this picture you can see a young man giving flowers to a girl. 4. Running water is always better than standing water. 5. John likes studying history. 6. Lydia could retell the English story she had read without looking into the book. 7. Everybody ran meet the people returning from the city. 8. Never jump off a moving train. 9. Reading books out-of-doors is his favourite way of spending the summer holidays, but he likes swimming and going on excursions as well. 10. You can learn what the new words mean by looking them up in the dictionary. II. Before going to meet his friend he went home to change his clothes. 12. The remaining cakes were given to the children. 13. The cakes, remaining from the evening, were given to the children. 14. They went out to meet the returning women. 15. Returning home after a good holiday is always pleasant.

Упр.3. Расположите по порядку:

a) предложения, в которых ing форма является причастием;

b) предложения, в которых ing-форма является герундием.

1. The boys continued playing football. 2. He was looking at the plane flying overhead. 3. Watching the playing kittens was great fun for the children. 4. Being frightened by the dog, the cat climbed a high fence. 5. It is no use going there now. 6. Coming out of the wood, the travellers saw a ruined castle in the distance. 7. My greatest pleasure is travelling. 8. Growing tomatoes need a lot of sunshine. 9. Growing corn on his desert island, Robinson Crusoe hoped to eat bread one day. 10. Growing roses takes a lot of care and attention. 11. Just imagine his coming first in the race! 12. The children were tired of running. 13. Wishing to learn to skate, she bought herself a pair of skates. 14. Having prepared all the necessary equipment, they began the experiment. 15. Mary will stop for a few days at the seaside before going back home.

Упр.4. Расположите по порядку:

a) предложения, в которых ing форма является герундием;

b) предложения, в которых ing форма является отглагольным существительным.

1. Sleeping is necessary. 2. We felt so disappointed at your having missed nearly half the programme. 3. The building of this house will cost much money. 4. Are you dressed for going out? 5. I hate the idea of doing it once more. 6. Then came a general lighting of pipes and cigars. 7. But you don't mind being asked to help us, do you? 8. The forest resounded with the hooting of owls and the howling of wolves. 9. She blamed herself for having been a dull companion. 10. The singing of those beautiful folk songs impressed me greatly. 11. Your having written is really no excuse for your not coming on the day fixed. 12. Such doings can hardly be explained. 13. The motor was carefully examined before starting. 14. I am very pleased to meet you after hearing so much about you. 15. Your hair wants cutting.

Упр.5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1.Have you finished writing? 2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 3. I like skiing, but my sister prefers skating. 4. She likes sitting in the sun. 5. It looks like raining. 6. My watch wants repairing. 7. Thank you for coming. 8. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month. 9. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 10. Let's go boating. 11. He talked without stopping. 12. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 13. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air. 14. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 15. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugar-cane.

Ответы

(Keys)

Упр.1.

1. Stop talking. 2. We have finished working at this problem. 3. Go on singing. 4. Do you mind opening the window? 5. He denied having participated in the crime. 6. I enjoy painting. 7. We enjoyed swimming. 8. I could not help agreeing with him. 9. He burst out laughing. 10. She has given up smoking. 11. She avoided meeting him. 12. We shall put off discussing the report. 13. At last they stopped laughing. 14. She denied having stolen the money. 15. Let's postpone the trip to the country until next Saturday.

Упр.2.

1. Он занимается ремонтом автомашин (Его бизнесом является ремонт автомашин). 2. Само собой разумеется. 3. Жить в маленьких душных комнатах значит дышать отравленным воздухом. 4. Железо добывают из земли. 5. Есть два способа получения сахара: один — из свеклы, а другой — из сахарного тростника. 6. Джейн Эйр любила читать. 7. Мисс Тротвуд имела обыкновение спрашивать совета у мистера Дика. 8. Вы кончили писать? 9. Принимать холодный душ утром очень полезно. 10. Я люблю ходить на лыжах, но моя сестра предпочитает кататься на коньках. 11. Она любит сидеть на солнце. 12. Похоже, что будет дождь. 13. Мои часы нуждаются в починке. 14. Спасибо, что вы пришли. 15. Я не надеялся получить ответ до конца месяца.

Упр.3.

1. He was always ready for helping people. 2. He was very glad of being helped in his difficulty. 3. On being allowed to leave the room, the children immediately ran out into the yard and began playing. 4. In making this experiment, they came across some very interesting phenomena. 5. The results of the experiment must be checked and rechecked before being published. 6. David was tired of being scolded all the time. 7. The watch requires repairing. 8. The problem is not worth discussing. 9. Jane Eyre remembered having been (being) locked up in the red room for having contradicted Mrs. Reed. 10. Why do you avoid speaking to me? 11. She tried to avoid being spoken to. 12. The doctor insisted on sending the sick man to hospital. 13. The child insisted on being sent home at once. 14. Do you mind him being examined by a heart specialist? 15. He showed no sign of recognizing me.

Упр.4.

1. She blamed herself for having been a dull companion. 2. The singing of those beautiful folk songs impressed me greatly. 3. Your having written is really no excuse for your not coming on the day fixed. 4. Such doings can hardly be explained. 5. The motor was carefully examined before starting. 6. I am very pleased to meet you after hearing so much about you. 7. Your hair wants cutting. 8. I shall look forward to seeing you again. 9. It was no use talking about it any longer. 10. Sleeping is necessary. 11. We felt so disappointed at your having missed nearly half the programme. 12. The building of this house will cost much money. 13. Are you dressed for going out? 14. I hate the idea of doing it once more. 15. Then came a general lighting of pipes and cigars.

Упр.5.

1. The machine needs cleaning. 2. I am quite serious in saying that I don't want to go abroad. 3. He seemed sorry for having been inattentive to his child. 4. She confessed to having forgotten to send the letter. 5. The old man could not stand being told what he should do. 6. Going to the party was no use: he had no talent for dancing. 7. The Bronze Horseman is worth seeing. 8. After thoroughly examining the student, the professor gave him a satisfactory mark. 9. After being thoroughly examined by the examination commission, the student was given a satisfactory mark. 10. She accused him of having stolen her purse. 11. She reproached me for not writing (having written) to her. 12. This job is not worth taking. 13. After looking through and marking the students' papers, the teacher handed them back. 14. After being looked through and marked, the papers were handed back to the students. 15. These clothes want washing.