- •Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Importance of protozoa
- •Introduction
- •1.1. Entamoeba histolytica
- •Immunity
- •1.2. Other amebae inhabiting the alimentary canal
- •1.3. Pathogenic free-living amoebae
- •Introduction
- •2.1. Luminal flagellates
- •2.1.1. Giardia lamblia
- •Immunity
- •2.1.2. Trichomonas vaginalis
- •Immunity
- •2.1.3. Dientamoeba fragilis
- •2.1.4. Other flagellates inhabiting the alimentary canal
- •2.2. Haemoflagelates
- •2.2.1. Leishmania Species
- •2.2.1.1. Visceral leishmaniasis
- •Immunity
- •2.2.1.2. Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (Oriental sore)
- •Important features
- •Immunity
- •2.2.1.3. New World Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
- •Important features:
- •Immunity
- •2.2.2. Trypanosomiasis
- •Important features
- •Immunity
- •2.2.2.2 American trypanosomiasis
- •Immunity
- •Introduction
- •4.1. Malaria
- •4.1.1. Plasmodium falciparum
- •4.1.2. Plasmodium vivax
- •4.1.3. Plasmodium malariae
- •4.1.4. Plasmodium ovale
- •Immunity
- •4.2. Other Coccidian parasites
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •1.1. Blood flukes
- •1.1.1. Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)
- •2.1.2. Hook worms
- •2.1.2.1. Ancylostoma duodenale:
- •2.1.2.2. Necator americanus
- •Infective stage and methods of infection:
- •2.1.3. Larva migrans
- •2.1.4. Strongyloides stercoralis
- •2.2. Intestinal nematodes without tissue stage
- •2.2.1. Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm or thread worm)
- •Infective stage
- •2.2.2. Trichuris trichiura (whip worm)
- •Infective stage and mode of infection
- •2.3. Tissue nematodes
- •2.3.1. Filarial worms
- •2.3.1.1. Wuchereria bancrofti
- •2.3.1.2. Onchocerca volvulus
- •Intermediate Host and vector
- •2.3.2. Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm or Medina worm)
- •2.3.3. Trichinosis
- •Introduction
- •3.1. Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm)
- •Infective stage and mode of infection
- •3.2. Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm)
- •3.3. Echinococcus
- •3.3.1. Echinococcus granulosus (dog tape worm)
- •3.3.2. Echinococcus multilocularis
- •3.4. Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
- •3.5. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
- •3.6. Diphylobotrium latum (fish tapeworm or broad tapeworm
- •Introduction
- •Importance of arthropods in parasitology
- •2. Class Arachnida
- •3. Class Crustacia
- •Vector control measures
Immunity
Both humoral and cell mediated immunity (CMI) are involved
Treatment
The drug of choice is sodium stibogluconate, with an alternative treatment of
applying heat directly to the lesion. Treatment of L.aethopica remains to be a
problem as there is no safe and effective drug.
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Prevention
- Prompt treatment & eradication of ulcers
- Control of sand flies & reservoir hosts.
2.2.1.3. New World Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
(American cutaneous leishmaniasis)
Clinical disease:
Leishmania mexicana complex- Cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Leishmania braziliensis complex- mucocutaneous or cutaneous leishmaniasis
Important features:
The American cutaneous leishmeniasis is the same as oriental sore. But some of
the strains tend to invade the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, pharynx,
and larynx either initially by direct extension or by metastasis. The metastasis is
usually via lymphatic channels but occasionally may be the bloodstream.
Pathogenesis
The lesions are confined to the skin in cutaneous leishmaiasis and to the mucous
membranes, cartilage, and skin in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. A granulomatous
response occurs, and a necrotic ulcer forms at the bite site. The lesions tend to
become superinfected with bacteria. Secondary lesions occur on the skin as well
as in mucous membranes. Nasal, oral, and pharyngeal lesions may be polypoid
initially, and then erode to form ulcers that expand to destroy the soft tissue and
cartilage about the face and larynx. Regional lymphadenopathy is common.
Epidemiology
Most of the cutaneous & mucocutaneous leishmaniasis of the new world exist in
enzootic cycles of infection involving wild animals, especially forest rodents.
Leishmania mexicana occurs in south & Central America, especially in the Amazon
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basin, with sloths, rodents, monkeys, and raccoons as reservoir hosts. The
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is seen from the Yucatan peninsula into Central &
South America, especially in rain forests where workers are exposed to sand fly
bites while invading the habitat of the forest rodents. There are many jungle
reservoir hosts, and domesticated dogs serve as reservoirs as well. The vector is
the Lutzomyia sand fly.
Clinical features
The types of lesions are more varied than those of oriental sore and include
Chiclero ulcer, Uta, Espundia, and Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.
Laboratory diagnosis
• Demonstration of the amastigotes in properly stained smears from touch
preparations of ulcer biopsy specimen.
• Serological tests based on fluorescent antibody tests.
• Leishman skin test in some species.
Immunity
The humoral and cellular immune systems are involved
Treatment
The drug of choice is sodium stibogluconate.
Prevention
• Avoiding endemic areas especially during times when local vectors are most
active.
• Prompt treatment of infected individuals.
2.2.2. Trypanosomiasis
Etiologic agents
Trypanosoma brucei complex – African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Trypanosoma cruzi – American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease)
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