2.Складіть запитання до яких ці речення будуть відповідями.

1. Since time immemorial man has known about the medical properties of plants.___________________________________________________

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3. All parts of plants are collected in certain period of time.

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4. The unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy was used as pain – killers in ancient Greece.

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5. All parts of the plant differ as to the shape, taste, colour, odour.

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6. Many folk medicine remedies are studied by specialists.

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Самостійна робота №6

Тема: Опрацювання матеріалів: «Antibiotics», «English Prescription», , «Декодування рецептів з використанням латинських абревіатур» «Наказовий спосіб».

Навчальні цілі:

Знати:

• тематичну лексику та термінологію;

• структуру та лексико-граматичні особливості рецептів;

• латинські абревіатури;

• класифікацію антибіотиків;

• утворення наказового способу.

Вміти:

• прочитати та перекласти тематичні тексти;

• виконати лексичні вправи;

• опрацювати граматичний матеріал «Наказовий спосіб» Л.Верба «Граматика сучасної англійської мови» с.66.67;

• виконати граматичні завдання;

• декодувати рецепти з використанням латинської абревіатури.

Task I. Read and translate the text «Antibiotics»

Drug therapy – лікарська терапія

Effective control –ефективний контроль

Human pathogens –патогени людини

Physical fitness –фізичний стан

Biologic constitue –біологічні складові частини

Moldy bread – цвілий хліб

Infectious disease – інфекційне захворювання

Biosynthetic origin – біосинтетичне походження

Protein synthesis – синтез протеїнів (білків)

Ribosome level – рівень рибосом

Mechanism of action – механізм дії

Antibiоtics

Antibiotics probably represent the greatest single contribution of drug therapy in the past half-century, a period characterized by unprecedented advancements in health care. This group of drugs provides effective control if many human microbial pathogens that previously caused prolonged, incapacitation or death without appreciable regard for age, economic status, or physical fitness.

The word "antibiotic" is derived from the term antibiosis, which literally means "against life" (and - - т gainst, bios - - life). The most widely accepted concept defines an antibiotic as a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that has the capacity, in low concentration, to inhibit selectively or even to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms through an antimetabolic mechanism. Essentially all definitions limit antibiotics to biologic constituents that exert their action in low concentrations. This definition excludes microbial metabolites, such as ethanol, (that are active against protoplasmic functions at higher concentrations.

The history and development of antibiotic agents are similar to the patterns noted for other types of drugs. Relatively ineffective attempts to use materials that are now recognized as having antibiotic association can be detected in folk medicine and in prepenicilline scientific literature. The study of antibiotics began in 1929, when A. Fleming proved that the filtrate of a broth culture of the fungus Peni-cillium notatum has antibacterial properties in relation to gram-positive micro-organisms. In 1940 E. Chain and H. Florey obtained a relatively stable preparation of penicillin. Development in the antibiotic field since 1940 is charac­terized by a practical blending of empiric observation . and increasingly sophisticated manipulations of biologic and chemical factors. This familiar pattern is frequently overlooked because an aura of the 20-th century miracle drugs has surrounded the antibiotics.

Reports, some dating back 2500 years, indicate that various ancient and primitive peoples applied moldy bread, soybean curds, and other materials to boils and wounds liable to infection; this can be considered a folk medicine type of antibiotic therapy. Pasteur demonstrated bacterial antagonism shortly after he established the bacterial etiology of infectious disease. Initially, antibiotic therapy was commonly employed in a wide range of microbial infections with only limited logic or design.

The commercially available and therapeutically useful antibiotics can be classified on the basis of the biosynthetic origin of the antibiotic molecules. Antibiotics derived from arnino acids include the penicillins die cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, cycloserine, dactinomycine, and the polypeptide antibiotics (e.g.— bacitracin, polymyxin).

Antibiotics derived from acetate metabolism include tetracyclines (a group of actinomycete antibiotics that have a broad spectrum and considerable therapeutic utility), macrolide antibiotics, polyenes, etc.

According to the character of action antibiotics are subdivided into bacteriostatic (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and others) and bactericidal (periicilline, ristomycin, etc). The mechanism of action of antibiotics varies. For example, penicilline inhibits the synthesis of polymers of the bacterial cell wall and streptomycin inhibits the incorporation of some arnino acids in protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol is a specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis of bacterial protein. Tetracyclines, lincomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomy-cin, spectinornycin, sparsomycin and others belong to the group of antibiotics which inhibit protein biosynthesis, in bacteria at the ribosome level. So there are various hypo'he-ses and theories which have not entirely revealed the mechanism of action, and this question has not been completely solved.