Grammar revision modal verbs

Ex.1. Choose the proper modal verb.

можно найти (must, may) be found

нужно использовать (must, can) be used

нельзя поймать (may not, cannot) be caught

нужно сохранить (can, must) be preserved

возможно доказать (can, may) be proved

нельзя сгруппировать (категорически) (must not, cannot) be grouped

Ex.2. Find out all the sentences in the text which contain modal verbs and translate these sentences into Russian.

Ex.3. Compare the following pairs of sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. He cannot explain how living in poverty may impair language development. 2. He can’t have explained how living in poverty may impair language development. 3. La Visa Wilson's day-care curriculum may constitute an application of Piaget's theory. 4. La Visa Wilson's day-care curriculum may have constituted an application of Piaget's theory. 5. They must explain why the book is controversial. 6. They must have explained why the book is controversial.

Ex.4. Translate the sentences with Modal Verbs. Explain the meaning of need, should, ought to, dare.

1. You needn’t have written down the lecture. You could only listen to it. 2. Everyone should help the parents when they become old.. 5. You shouldn’t have told anyone about my problems. 7. You ought to learn the words better not to make spelling mistakes. 8. How dare you come without text-books! 10. Perhaps I should do the explaining.

Ex.5. Translate the following sentences. Explain the difference in meaning between to have to, to be to, and to be about to.

1. Конференция должна начаться в 10 часов утра. 2. Экспедиция вот-вот отправится в Африку. 3. Ожидают, что результаты эксперимента будут положительными. 4. Вчера нам пришлось проверить вещество снова, так как мы получили отрицательные результаты. 5. Лаборатория уже готова была опубликовать результаты ряда эксперимепнтов, когда была обнаружена ошибка. 6. Завтра вся группа должна переписать контрольную работу. 7. Много исследований должно быть проведено прежде, чем ученые решат проблему фактора окружающей среды.

Ex.6. There was an accident on the road, a car turned upside down. What do you think MUST/MAY/MIGHT have caused the accident? Express probability giving this or that degree of certainty/likelihood (possible reasons of the accident; the time of the day; the weather; the road; the state of the driver; circumstances). [ ]

Ex.7. Fill in the tables of modal verbs.

A.

Meaning in relation to the subject	Modals (or their equivalents)
	Present “Real” Past	Simple Infinitive
ability permission obligation absence of obligation characteristic behaviour recommendation	could/was able to was allowed had to/was to would	go immediately

Meaning in relation to the subject	Modals (or their equivalents)
	“Unreal Past”*	Perfect Infinitive
criticism advice regret reproach		have gone yesterday

*Contrary to real facts.

B.

Meaning (degree of likelihood)	MODALS	Simple Infinitive refers the action to Present	Perfect Infinitive refers the action to “Real Past”*
certainty logical conclusion possibility belief probability		be there already	have been there yesterday

* in only a limited number of contexts expresses something contrary to real facts.