St.Petersburg-Moscow Railway

The St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway is a 650 km railway running between the two largest Russian cities and through four regions: Moscow, Tver, Novgorod, and Leningrad. It is the leading traffic artery for the whole of the north-west region of Russia, operated by the Oktyabrskaya Railway.

This railway (the second oldest in the country after the St. Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo line) was a project of Pavel Melnikov, an engineer who was in charge of its construction. According to Melnikov’s project, “chugunka” was planned as a double-track line, 664 km long, steam-powered. Melnikov insisted that gauge of railway should be 1,524 mm. This was to become Russia’s national standard for all railways. The speed of passenger and freight trains was to be 34 km and 16 km respectively. 278 constructive works were to be built, including 34 stations, 184 railway bridges, 19 viaducts, 69 cast iron and masonry conduit pipes. It should be said that all the stations were to have the same style and even the same color scheme. Railway stations in both capitals (Moskovsky in St. Petersburg and Leningradsky in Moscow) were designed by Konstantin Ton in the style of classical architecture.

Some reactionary officials opposed to the idea of a railway connecting the two capitals. They predicted public disorder if the masses were allowed to travel. It was decided that only the wealthy would be allowed to use the line. Every passenger was to pass strict passport and police control.

Emperor Nicholas I issued a decree ordering its construction on 1 February 1842. The construction began in 1843 and lasted about 10 years. More than 50,000 serfs¹ did the actual construction work, using only spades and axes. They worked from sunrise to sunset, every day including Sundays and holidays. Only when the rain was extremely heavy, they were given the day off. The serfs were constantly ill. Terrible working and housing conditions as well as illnesses and bad food made people complain, but they were severely punished. P.P. Melnikov’s proposal to mechanize the construction wasn’t supported, as it required great costs. Only four excavators were bought in the USA. (At that time, there were only seven excavators in the world – three other machines operated in the U.S. and Great Britain.)

The inauguration of the St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway took place on November 1, 1851. The world’s press covered in great detail the departure of the 11.15 train from Petersburg to Moscow. Its trip took 21 hours 45 minutes and the following morning, the train arrived safe and sound² at its destination. There were 17 passengers in the first-class carriages, 63 – in the second-class carriages and 112 – in the third-class carriages. Tickets had been sold out 4 months before. The speed of the first trains was 40 kmh. Two years later, it was increased up to 60 kmh. It was the world’s record in the speed of passenger trains.

The railway was completely straight and level apart from a 7-km curve near the city of Novgorod. According to the legend, when Nicholas I was shown the plans for a rail link between the northern capital and Moscow, he took a ruler and drew a straight line between the two cities. Accidentally, he drew around his own finger on the ruler, breaking the straight line on the map. Another version is that there was a small notch³ in the ruler. Construction workers were too afraid of mentioning the mistake to the Tsar and included a 7-km curve into the line known ever since as the Tsar’s Finger.

However, the truth is more prosaic. The curve, also called the Verebinsky (Веребьинский) bypass, was actually built in 1877 to circumvent⁴ a 17-km steep gradient. Russian steam locomotives of that time were not powerful and trains heading for Moscow needed four locomotives to get up the hill. In 2001, after 150 years of continuous use, the curve was finally straightened out reducing the entire length by 5 km.

Notes: ¹serf – крепостной;

²safe and sound – в целости и сохранности;

³notch – выемка;

⁴to circumvent – обходить.

Ex. 10. Choose the best alterative to complete the sentences.

1. The St.Petersburg-Moscow Railway is the leading traffic artery for the country’s … .

1. south-east b) north-east c) north-west

2. Some officials were against the construction of the line connecting the two major cities of Russia because they were afraid of … .

1. social disorder b) industrial revolution c) competitors

3. An ukase to build the railway was issued by … .

1. the government b) the Railway Ministry c) the monarch

4. The construction began in 1843 and was completed in … .

1. 1853 b) 1863 c) 1860

5. The actual construction work was done by … .

1. skilled mechanics b) serfs c) talented designers

6. Those people who complained about terrible working and housing conditions were … .

1. recruited b) encouraged c) punished

7. Only the wealthy could go by rail, therefore there were only … .

1. 17 first-class travelers

2. 63 second-class travelers

3. 112 third-class travelers

8. The speed of 60 kmh was reached in … .

1. 1853 b) 1856 c) 1857

9. There are practically no curves on the Moscow-St.Petersburg line; the only curve is … .

1. a 7-m curve b) a 7-km line c) a 17-km link

10. The Tsar took a ruler and drew a straight line between Moscow and St.Petersburg on … .

1. the map b) the ground c) the globe

11. A 7-km curve into the line is called … .

1. the Tsar’s arm b) the Tsar’s foot c) the Tsar’s finger

12. Actually, the curve was to bypass a steep … .

1. gradient b) hill c) track

13. In the 21^st century the curve was finally straightened because now we have … .

1. electric locos b) more powerful locos c) longer tracks

Ex. 11. Put questions to the answers from the text.

1. An engineer and manager who was in charge of the construction.

2. 278 constructive works.

3. Social disorder if the masses were allowed to travel.

4. Strict passport and police control.

5. On 1 February 1842.

6. More than 50,000.

7. At 11.15 a.m.

8. 17 passengers.

9. 40 kmh.

10. A straight line between the two cities.

11. In 1877.

12. Four locomotives.

Ex. 12. Translate the sentences into English. Do it in written form.

1. Железная дорога Москва–Санкт-Петербург соединяет два крупнейших города России.

2. В настоящее время это главная транспортная артерия на северо-западе России.

3. Протяженность железной дороги – около 650 километров.

4. Автором проекта был инженер П.П. Мельников, который руководил строительством.

5. В 1842 году царь Николай I издал указ о строительстве этой дороги.

6. Строительство началось в 1843 году и продолжалось около 10 лет.

7. Некоторые чиновники выступали против строительства железной дороги между Москвой и Санкт-Петербургом.

8. Основной рабочей силой (workforce) были крепостные.

9. Условия труда и бытовые условия были ужасными.

10. Официальное открытие дороги Москва-Санкт-Петербург состоялось 1 ноября 1851 г.

11. Железная дорога Москва-Санкт-Петербург – это двухпутная железная дорога; ширина колеи – 1524 мм.

12. Магистраль, соединяющая две российские столицы, фактически прямая.

13. Поэтому на дороге было построено 278 искусственных сооружений, в том числе более 180 мостов.

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