Ex. 11. Choose the appropriate alternative and translate the following words.

direction	→	a) дорога	b) руководство	с) направление
ride	→	а) поездка	b) походка	с) прогулка
strong	→	a) длинный	b) прочный	с) высокий
to complete	→	a) завершать	b) начинать	с) строить
to resemble	→	a) ремонтировать	b) чертить	с) быть похожим
track	→	a) трек	b) ж.-д. путь	с) устройство
jointly	→	a) вместе	b) отдельно	с) быстро
to assist	→	a) управлять	b) помогать	с) посещать
huge	→	a) небольшой	b) удобный	с) огромный
gradually	→	a) постоянно	b) постепенно	с) сначала
soon	→	a) вскоре	b) снова	с) сразу
most	→	a) никто	b) почти все	с) большинство
still	→	a) стальной	b) до сих пор	с) раньше

Ex. 12. Here is a short story about Edward Pease. Put the verbs in brackets into the required tense form and translate the text into Russian.

Edward Pease, the son of a wool merchant, was born in Darlington on 31^st May, 1767. At the age of 14, he (to leave) school and (to go) to work with his father. Pease (to attend) markets and (to travel) round the country buying the wool from the farmers and selling the finished goods to London merchants.

At the age of fifty he (to retire) from the family business and (to begin) to concentrate on his idea of starting a public railway. On his travels buying and selling wool, Pease (to come) to the conclusion that there was a great need for a railroad with wagons drawn by horses to carry coal from the mines of West Durham to the port of Stockton. In 1821, Pease and a group of businessmen from the area (to form) the Stockton & Darlington Railway company.

Ex. 13. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

Stockton-Darlington Railway

Stockton & Darlington Railway (S&DR) was the world’s first railway to successfully use steam locomotives for carrying freight and passengers.

In 1821, a parliamentary bill was passed to allow the building of the S&DR. The 26-mile railway was to connect various coal mines. The original plan was to use horses to draw coal carts on cast iron rails. But George Stephenson, an English mechanical engineer, persuaded¹ company director Edward Pease to use steam power. He said that a locomotive could pull 50 times the load that horses could draw on iron rails. Pease agreed to change his plan.

Stephenson surveyed the line in 1821, assisted by his 18-year-old son Robert. Work on the track began in 1822. Stephenson used wrought-iron rails instead of cast iron ones. These rails were more expensive but they were much stronger. On the 12-mile line connecting Stockton and Darlington, the rails were laid on wooden blocks. The 15-mile track between the mines and Darlington was laid on stone blocks. The gauge that Stephenson chose for the line was 4 feet 8½ inch (1,435 mm). Later, it became the standard gauge for railways not only in Britain but also all over the world.

The line’s structures included one of the first railway bridges. Designed by architect Ignatius Bonomi, the bridge over the Skerne river in Darlington is the oldest railway bridge still in use today.

Edward Pease and George Stephenson jointly established a company in Newcastle to manufacture locomotives for the new line. The company was set up as Robert Stephenson & Company, and George’s son Robert was the managing director². In September 1825, the first locomotive originally named Active was completed; it was soon renamed Locomotion Number One. It was followed by Hope, Diligence, and Black Diamond.

The official opening of the line was on September 27, 1825. Large crowds saw George Stephenson operating the Locomotion as it pulled 36 wagons: twelve wagons of coal and flour, six of guests and fourteen wagons full of workmen. Most of the passengers sat in open coal wagons, but 18 visiting dignitaries³ traveled on the passenger carriage called The Experiment. This coach resembled a wooden shed⁴ on wheels and as it had no springs⁵ it must have provided an uncomfortable ride. The first train was not fast; it took two hours to cover the distance of 9 miles. However, on one section of the line the locomotive could reach a speed of 24 kmh.

For the first few years, horse traction dominated on the S&DR because steam traction was too expensive. But as time went on, steam locomotives proved to be more economic – they could haul more wagons, and haul them faster. In a typical working day the most expensive steam engine could haul more coal than the cheapest horse!

By 1833, the S&DR had become entirely steam-operated, and it gradually began to resemble a modern railway. Two parallel tracks were built for trains traveling in different directions. A simple signaling system was established to prevent collisions. Trains began to run to timetable. These methods of operation became standard on railways across the world.

The S&DR proved a huge financial success, and paved the way for modern rail transport. In 1863, the S&DR company merged with the North Eastern Railway and in 1922 with the London and North Eastern Railway. Much but not all of the original S&DR line is still operating today.

Notes: ¹to persuade – убеждать;

²managing director – исполнительный директор;

³visiting dignitaries – высокопоставленные гости;

⁴shed – сарай;

⁵spring – рессора, пружина.

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What towns did Stockton & Darlington Railway connect?

2. What locomotives were used on this railway?

3. What document allowed the building of the S&DR?

4. What was the original plan?

5. What was George Stephenson?

6. Why did Edward Pease change his mind to build a horse-drawn railway?

7. When did Stephenson survey the line? Did anybody help him?

8. What rails did Stephenson use?

9. Why did he decide to use wrought-iron rails instead of cast iron ones?

10. What blocks were laid on the line connecting Stockton and Darlington? What about the line between the mines and Darlington?

11. What was the gauge on the Stockton-Darlington line?

12. What is the Skerne bridge famous for?

Ex. 15. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. Edward Pease and George Stephenson established a company in Newcastle to manufacture locomotives for the new line.

2. George’s son Robert was the managing director.

3. In September 1825, the first locomotive was completed.

4. The Locomotion pulled 36 wagons.

5. Most of the passengers sat in open coal wagons.

6. It took the first train two hours to cover the distance of 9 miles.

7. On one section of the line, the locomotive could reach a speed of 24 kmh.

8. For the first few years, horse traction dominated on the Stockton-Darlington Railway.

9. Steam locomotives proved to be more economic because they could haul more wagons and haul them faster.

10. The most expensive steam engine could haul more coal than the cheapest horse.

Ex. 16. Read the sentences, replacing Russian words and phrases with their English equivalents.

1. In 1833, the Stockton-Darlington Railway became a работающий на паровая тяга line.

2. In the 1830s, the S&DR быть похожим на a modern railway.

3. On this line, trains ran in different направления.

4. Trains operated according to график.

5. There was a simple система сигнализации to prevent столкновения поездов.

6. In 1863, the Stockton-Darlington Railway объединяться with the North Eastern Railway.

7. Rails made from кованое железо were stronger than чугунные рельсы.

8. The Stockton-Darlington Railway перевозить both passengers and грузы.

9. Stephenson’s locomotive could тянуть heavy trains.

10. The company established by Edward Pease and George Stephenson was to производить locomotives for the new line.

Text B