Stourbridge Lion

In the U.S., the first steam locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion, (to make – Past Simple Active) a trial trip in Pennsylvania in 1829.

On the day of a test trip, a lot of people (to come – Past Simple Active) to the small Pennsylvania town to see the first run of the steam locomotive. The driver (not to let – Past Simple Active) anyone ride with him because the locomotive (not to test – Past Perfect Passive) before. The signal to start (to give – Past Simple Passive) and the wheels (to begin – Past Simple Active) to turn slowly.

A horseman (to go – Past Continuous Active) in front of the locomotive and (to shout – Past Continuous Active) that the train (to come – Past Continuous Active). People on horses and in carriages (to ride – Past Continuous Active) near the train. All along the route, men (to wave – Past Continuous Active) their hats and boys (to cheer¹ – Past Continuous Active) as the Lion (to thunder² – Past Continuous Active) past.

When they (to go – Past Perfect Active) for some time, Allen, who (to operate – Past Continuous Active) his locomotive, (to ask – Past Simple Active) the horseman to go away. He (to put – Past Simple Active) steam on and (to run – Past Simple Active) his locomotive at a fantastic speed of 12 miles per hour. Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast without a horse to pull it!

But the locomotive (to be – Past Simple Active) too heavy for the track and the trip (not to repeat – Past Simple Passive).

Notes: ¹to cheer – кричать "Ура";

²to thunder – зд: проходить (проезжать) с грохотом.

1. Was the first steam locomotive tested in 1829?

2. Did many people come to see the first run of the steam locomotive?

3. Was the steam locomotive called the Stourbridge Tiger?

4. Had the locomotive been tested before that historic run?

5. Were there any passengers on this train?

6. Did the driver let his mate ride with him?

7. Were men waving their hats as the Lion was thundering past?

8. Was the Lion moving at a speed of twelve miles an hour?

9. Was the steam locomotive pulled by a horse?

10. Was the trip repeated?

Ex. 5. Choose the correct verb form. Explain your choice.

1. Two years (passed or have passed) since he left.

2. During the Civil War, more than 60% of the Russian railway network and more than 80% of the carriages and locomotives (have been destroyed or were destroyed).

3. Mail (is delivered or has been delivered) just by the helicopter.

4. Where (were or have) you at about three yesterday afternoon? I (was repairing or have repaired) my car at that time.

5. (Have or did) you ever (visited or visit) other countries? – Yes, I (have been or was) to France and Spain.

6. Don’t worry! The equipment (was being packed or has been packed) already.

7. While we (have waited or were waiting) for the train, it started to rain.

8. We knew that the 2 o’clock train (has left or had left) already and decided to go by bus.

9. The Toyota Co. (decided or has decided) recently to spend $800 million a year on the development of the new electric automobile.

10. I (saw or have seen) you from the bus yesterday. Where (have or were) you (hurried or hurrying) at that time?

11. The journey from Paris to London (was taking or had taken) much more time before the Channel Tunnel was built.

12. The police officer asked me what I (had done or was doing) at the time when the accident happened.

13. They (worked or had worked) out a detailed plan before starting off on an expedition.

14. Some people (slept or were sleeping) on the benches waiting for their trains.

15. The new tank train (was being tested or has been tested) recently in severe winter conditions on the Alaska Railroad.

Ex. 6. Say the same using the Passive Voice.

Model: The builders have completed the construction of the line ahead of time.

The construction of the line has been completed by the builders ahead of time.

1. Russia developed the first automatic engine driver in 1960.

2. Robert has booked the train tickets online.

3. The railway is installing new ticket-vending machines at the terminal.

4. By that time, we had changed our plans.

5. Air-conditioning system maintains the optimum temperature and humidity (влажность) in the coach.

6. The new railway line will connect central and eastern regions of the country.

7. They bought tickets two days before their departure.

8. The engineers are testing the new equipment now.

9. Robert said that he had deposited his case in the left-luggage office.

10. People build viaducts to cross canyons and ravines.

Ex. 7. Say the same using the Active Voice.

Model: The mechanic said that some broken parts of the machine had been replaced.

The mechanic said that he had replaced some broken parts of the machine.

1. A large article about the new high-speed train called Sapsan has been published in the Railway International journal.

2. Building of new railways for high-speed passenger trains was pioneered by Japan.

3. Only freight will be transported by this railway operator.

4. Since 1945, Nobel awards have been gained by 27 British scientists.

5. The participants of the conference are being interviewed by the journalists now.

6. The first buses in London were drawn by three horses.

7. When the fire brigade arrived, the bridge had been already destroyed by the fire.

8. On arrival in London, you will be met by our representative (представитель) and taken to your hotel.

9. Trains are pulled by one or more locomotive units.

10. The project has been supported by several major companies.

Ex. 8. Choose the correct grammar form to translate a predicate. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Этот вокзал был пущен в эксплуатацию в прошлом году.

a) has been put b) was put c) was being put

2. Новая линия метро строится сейчас в нашем городе.

a) is constructed b) had been constructed ) is being constructed

3. Одна из станций будет расположена недалеко от моего дома.

a) will be located b) will locate c) will have been located

4. Мы приступили к работе, после того как прочитали инструкцию.

a) started b) were started c) have started

a) had been read b) has read c) had read

5. Один из первых железнодорожных мостов, который называется Британия (Britannia), сохранился до (to) наших дней.

a) has been survived b) is survived c) has survived

6. Сколько стоит билет до Вашингтона?

a) does … cost b) is … cost c) has … cost

7. После того, как линия была реконструирована, скорость поездов увеличилась.

a) was refurbished b) had been refurbished c) has refurbished

a) increased b) was being increased c) had increased

8. Один поезд только что ушёл, а следующий будет через два часа.

a) left b) was leaving c) has left

a) will b) will be с) will have been

9. Поезд проходит расстояние от Москвы до Самары за 20 часов.

a) has covered b) covers c) is covering

10. Мощные путеукладчики (track-laying machines) были разработаны дня строительства железных дорог.

a) have been developed b) is being developed c) had developed

11. Поезд отправляется через (in) несколько минут. Пассажиров уже пригласили занять свои места.

a) is leaving b) leaves c) will be left

a) were invited b) have been invited c) had invited

Ex. 9. Put special questions. Begin with the question-words given in brackets.

1. The length of the bus route has been increased by 3 km. (How many)

2. The pipe is leaking at the joint. (Where)

3. Now all the European railways have a standard gauge. (What gauge)

4. The rails are called T-rails because of their shape. (Why)

5. The load weighs a hundred kilograms. (How many)

6. For some period of time, one underground railway line in London was working without drivers. (Where)

7. The two-speed escalators will be installed at new Metro stations. (Where)

8. In the Samara Metro, trains run at 8 minutes headways. (How often)

9. Before the invention of steel, railway cars were made of wood. (What)

10. The builders will have to explode the rock to construct the railway in this district. (Why)

11. Double-deck buses were operating in Moscow within several months. (How long)

12. Passenger services on Britain’s railway network have increased by more than 30% during the past seven years. (How many)

13. The underground railways as a form of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19^th century. (When)

14. Train fares will go up by seven percent next week. (How many)

15. The embankment gradually sinks (оседать) under the weight of passing trains. (Why)

Ex. 10. Put tail-questions to the following sentences.

1. In New York, most people go to work by subway.

2. The service life of steel sleepers is from 35 to 60 years.

3. About 60 % of the world's railroad network has been built to standard gauge (1,435 mm).

4. Transport plays a very important part in the development of economy.

5. At Richmond, a lot of passengers got off the train.

6. Each one of your suitcases will be checked when you go through the customs.

7. Susan has bought a newspaper and a magazine to read on the train.

8. Competition between different modes of transport is intensifying now.

9. The Disneyland train called “The Excursion” was built specially for carrying visitors through the Grand Canyon Diorama.

10. When inactive, locomotives are housed in a train depot.

11. Perishable (скоропортящиеся) goods should be carried in refrigerator cars.

12. The automatic train control facilitates (облегчает) the work of a locomotive driver.

13. Long-welded rails (бесстыковые рельсы) have been used on main railways since 1960s.

14. The US ranks first in the world in the volume of freight traffic.

15. The construction of the railway bridge had been completed by the beginning of the navigation season.

Ex. 11. Translate the phrases, paying attention to Participle I.

A

1. the bridge linking two islands

2. passengers leaving for London

3. freight cars carrying oil and oil products

4. the loco developing a speed of 180 kmh

5. the growing volume of freight services

6. roads leading to the centre of the city

7. the plant producing machinery

8. trains operating on the international lines

9. engineers carrying out the test

10. the train heading from Moscow to Berlin

1. поезд, прибывающий через 5 минут

2. пассажиры, спешащие сесть в поезд

3. эксперты, участвующие в конференции

4. развивающиеся страны

5. переведите следующий текст

6. вагон, отвечающий всем современным требованиям

7. поезд, идущий в противоположном (opposite) направлении

8. механик, устанавливающий новое оборудование

9. мотор, работающий без сбоев (smoothly)

B

1. beginning the experiment

2. using new track-laying machines

3. moving at a high speed

4. entering the compartment

5. looking out of the window

6. building the railroad across the desert

7. checking up the electrical equipment

8. buying a train ticket in advance

9. participating in the conference

10. passing the curve

1. путешествуя по всему миру

2. испытывая новый двигатель

3. проводя эксперимент

4. переходя улицу

5. пытаясь отремонтировать прибор

6. изучая иностранный язык

7. строя мосты и тоннели

8. внедряя современные методы производства

9. ожидая прибытия поезда

C

1. having bought the tickets for the train

2. having arrived in London

3. having phoned the travel agency

4. having received an urgent message

5. having finished testing the new locomotive

6. having put our things on the luggage rack

7. having discussed the plan in details

8. having proposed to make some changes in the project

9. having retired as president of the company

10. having installed the new equipment

1. проработав на железной дороге 20 лет

2. опоздав (to miss) на поезд

3. уменьшив расходы

4. проверив билеты у всех пассажиров

5. оставив багаж в камере хранения

6. окончив университет

7. получив новую информацию

8. заказав обед в купе

9. приехав на вокзал задолго до (long before) отправления состава

10. внедрив новые методы строительства

Ex. 12. Pay attention to various forms and functions of Participle I.

1. Having repaired the engine, the mechanic…

a mechanic repairing engines

(While) repairing the engine, the mechanic…

A mechanic is repairing the engine now.

2. the workers constructing the railway

Constructing the railway, the workers…

Having constructed the railway, the workers…

The workers will be constructing the high-speed railway.

3. Having tested a new device, the engineers…

the engineers testing a new device

The engineers are testing a new device now.

(When) testing a new device, the engineers…

4. Passing the curve, the train…

the train passing the curve

The train is passing the curve now.

Having passed the curve, the train…

Ex. 13. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian, paying attention to Participle I.

1. The first railway in Russia using steam traction was built in Nizhni Tagil.

2. In 1883, the Orient Express began service from Paris to Istanbul, crossing six countries.

3. Having built the world’s first electric locomotive, Werner von Siemens demonstrated it at the Berlin Exhibition.

4. The initial section of Korea’s first high-speed line was officially opened on March 30, 2004 by the country’s acting president.

5. Traveling between Moscow and Vladivostok, the Trans-Siberian Express covers the distance of 5,778 miles in 9 days, making 91 stops en route.

6. Netherlands Railways has recently started to refurbish its wagon fleet consisting of 50 cars, 15-years old.

7. Having become wealthy due to his invention of a sleeping car, George Pullman founded the Pullman Car Company producing various kinds of passenger carriages as well as dining cars.

8. The government-owned Alaska Railroad runs for about 500 miles (800 km), linking Seward, Anchorage, and Fairbanks.

9. Malaysia and Thailand, two of the most rapidly developing economies in southeast Asia, have great plans to upgrade and expand their railway networks.

10. Having received a lot of complaints (жалоба) about the noise of TGVs passing near towns and villages, the railway built acoustic fencing along large sections of the track.

11. Being in operation for about 13 hours daily, each Metro train covers the distance equal to that from Moscow to St. Petersburg.

12. The leading role of the railway transport in Russia is explained by the specific territorial, climatic, and geographical conditions.

Ex. 14. Complete the sentences with a required Participle I from the list.

Our country has several locomotive building works ___ all types of locos. Carriage wheels, ___ over rail joints (стык), produce the familiar “click-etty-click” sound. At each station of the London Underground, there are large electric diagrams ___ the routes of trains. When ___ the underground line in Rome, the builders found ancient ruins and statues. Indian Railways has designed and built a prototype double-deck car ___ seats for 148 passengers. The Paris-Lyon route ___ two large industrial areas is one of the most important mainlines in France. ___ the Minnesota railroad in 1878, James Hill extended it north to the Canadian border and west to the Pacific coast. At the large railway stations, information about the ___ and ___ trains is announced over public address system. While ___ the new loco, the experts saw that there was something wrong with the engine. In 1786, William Murdock, an English engineer, constructed a ___ model of a small steam locomotive. They spent the whole day, ___ the equipment. Don’t forget to oil the ___ parts of the machine regularly.

arriving connecting constructing departing having having bought moving packing passing producing showing testing working

Ex. 15. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words with their English equivalents. The verbs given below may be helpful to you.

1. Ожидая for the train arrival, I looked through the magazines лежащие on the table.

2. Получив the telegram, she immediately left for Glasgow.

3. The volume of passenger transportation is increased in summer because many people spend their holidays, путешествуя all over the country or abroad.

4. The trip on the "Rossiya" passenger train from Moscow to Nakhodka, включая a compulsory overnight stay in Khabarovsk, takes about eight days.

5. Сдав our suitcases in the left-luggage office, we went to have a snack.

6. People которые живут near railroad tracks often get so used to the sounds of проходящие trains that that they rarely notice the noise.

7. После того, как были проведены испытания the new locomotive, the engineers recommended it for series production.

8. German Rail and Swiss Federal Railways have agreed to increase the number of passenger trains курсирующий between the two countries.

9. Измерив the distance between two points, we can calculate the time a train can cover it, if we know the train’s average speed.

10. The first Metro trains were powered by steam locomotives, which burnt coal, заполняя the tunnels with smoke.

11. Tickets for trains которые отправляются from Shanghai go on sale nine days before the departure day.

12. Используя aluminum instead of steel, the designers decreased the car weight.

13. Двигаясь at a speed of 160 km/h, the Metroliner express trains make three-hour trips between New York City and Washington daily.

to depart to fill to include to measure to move to lay to leave to live to operate to pass to receive to test to travel to use to wait

Ex. 16. Form Participle II from the verbs and translate the phrases.

the distance to cover by the train the to break engine the to carry out plan train tickets to sell yesterday the to damage car freight to transport by railways the to restore bridge to increase volume of traffic

the contract to sign by two companies luggage to leave in the left-luggage office machinery to produce at our plant the engine to invent by R. Diesel the to choose profession a car to develop by Japanese engineers a railway to divide into sections the to propose project

Ex 17. Translate the phrases into English.

• локомотив, приводимый в движение электричеством

• двигатель усовершенствованной конструкции

• железная дорога, предназначенная (to design) для высокоскоростных пассажирских перевозок

• застрахованный (to insure) автомобиль

• отремонтированный (to repair) участок пути

• цифры, упомянутые (to mention) в докладе

• полученный результат

• оборудование, установленное в лаборатории

• вокзал, реконструированный в прошлом году

• вагон, используемый для перевозки нефти

• новая станция метро, отделанная (to decorate) мрамором и бронзой

• машина, сконструированная молодым инженером

• билеты, купленные заранее

• учёные, приглашённые (to invite) на конференцию

Ex. 18. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian, paying attention to Participle II.

1. Henry Booth was the designer of the boiler used by Stephenson on the Rocket locomotive.

2. The things left by passengers on the trains or at the stations are usually taken to the Lost Property Office.

3. A rail with a hidden defect can break suddenly. Hidden defects in rails can be detected with the help of a new ultrasonic device.

4. The 12.5 km Cascade Tunnel located about 100 km east of Seattle is one of the longest railroad tunnels in the US. Constructed in 1929, it replaced a shorter tunnel a few miles to the north.

5. A milk car is a specialized type of tank car designed to carry raw milk between farms, creameries (маслозавод), and processing plants.

6. The Great Train Robbery is an event happened in 1963 when a group of criminals robbed a British mail train and stole over £2 million. At that time, it was the largest amount of money ever stolen in the UK.

7. An unusual locomotive designed for running on ice was developed in Great Britain in the 18^th century. It was sent to Russia for carrying freight on sledges across frozen lakes.

8. When installed, the new equipment will increase labor productivity.

9. Before opened for traffic, the railway lines are carefully inspected and tested.

10. When upgraded, the railway bridge will be used for the movement of heavyweight freight trains.

11. If consisted of more than 80 cars, the train is pulled by two or more locomotives.

12. When heated by sun, the rails become longer.

13. When first introduced, container cars were used only for carrying valuable goods.

14. When thoroughly tested, ballastless track will probably find wide application not only in tunnels.

15. When asked why she had missed the train, she said something about her watch being slow.

Ex. 19. Read the sentences, replacing Russian words with their English equivalents. The verbs given in the box may be helpful to you.

1. The new low-floor cars разработанный by Danish State Railways’ design office will be used for Intercity express services between Denmark and Sweden.

2. Amtrak is the public company учреждённый by Congress in 1970, which operates almost all the intercity passenger trains in the U.S.

3. The aircraft-style seats with встроенный TVsets are installed in the new passenger cars.

4. The motor cars are equipped with electric engines расположенный under the floor of the coach.

5. In some European countries, tank cars сделанный of reinforced (армированный) plastics are used for transport of wine and fruit juices.

6. One of the first railway bridges построенный in Great Britain and сохранившийся to our days is called “Britannia”.

7. Public transport is the system of buses, trains, etc. предоставляемый by the government or by companies, which people use to travel from one place to another.

8. The sign of the London Underground is a red circle пересечённый with a blue stripe.

9. Two or more сцепленный locomotives are frequently used in freight trains.

10. Stephenson’s locomotive который назывался Rocket set a speed record of 47 kmh at the Rainhill Trials проводимых near Liverpool in 1829.

to build up to call to couple to cross to develop to erect to hold to make to place to provide to set up to survive

Ex. 20. Complete the sentences with a required Participle II from the list.

Rails ___ today for main-line use may weigh as much as 75.5 to 77 kg/m. The "Condor" was an overnight London-Glasgow express goods train, in the 1960s, ___ by pairs of "Metrovick" diesel locomotives. New track machines ___ from Great Britain by Mozambique will be used for upgrading the Limpopo line in that country. From 1990 until 2003, Stephenson’s portrait appeared on the reverse of £5 banknotes ___ by the Bank of England. The first Russian steam loco ___ and ___ by the Cherepanovs stands now as a monument in front of the Historic Museum in Nizhni Tagil. If ___ of reinforced plastics, tank cars can be used for carrying wine and fruit juices. Signals ___ at frequent intervals along the total mainline inform the engine drivers of the position of other trains. When first ___, the project of the Eurotunnel seemed impracticable (невыполнимый). The TGV Duplex is a double-deck high-speed train ___ by SNCF (the French national railway company). In recent years, the amount of freight ___ by rail has considerably increased. One of the main advantages of the diesel loco is the low cost of the ___ fuel. Crane is a mechanical device ___ for lifting freight.

bought built carried consumed designed installed issued hauled made manufactured operated proposed used

Ex. 21. Choose the appropriate participle and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Tank cars (transporting or transported) gas or cement should be made of aluminum or stainless steel.

2. Today the Trans-Siberian Railway carries about 20,000 containers per year to Europe, (including or included) 8,300 containers from Japan.

3. Sleeping cars (equipping or equipped) with an air-conditioning system are very comfortable for long-distance travel.

4. The Talgo is the first successful European high-speed train (developing or developed) in Spain in the 1950s.

5. The Kiev Railway Station is the city’s main terminal (serving or served) more than 170,000 passengers a day.

6. The total length of the bridge (constructing or constructed) across the Volga at Saratov is about two miles long.

7. While (using or used) Metro, people reduce the time of traveling from home to work and back.

8. The number of cars (forming or formed) a passenger train is much less than that of a freight train.

9. Passengers (leaving or left) for London were (inviting or invited) to check in their luggage.

10. New track machines (buying or bought) from Great Britain by Mozambique will be used for upgrading the Limpopo line in that country.

11. Refrigerator cars are used for transporting (freezing or frozen) meat and other perishable goods.

12. In 1883, the Orient Express began service from Paris to Istanbul, (crossing or crossed) six countries.

13. A tank car is a type of railroad rolling stock (designing or designed) to transport liquid and gaseous goods.

14. The engineers developed the project of the Moscow metro, (using or used) the experience (gaining or gained) all over the world.

15. The number and spacing of the sleepers depend on the weight of trains (passing or passed) over the track.

Ex. 22. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the verb would.

A

1. The dispatcher informed the train crew that the train speed would be limited to 40 miles per hour on this section of track.

2. The Paris-Lyon railway administration stated that 100 trains would operate on this route daily.

3. It was realized very long ago that the railways would be an extremely efficient kind of transport.

4. The chief engineer said that the construction of the railway bridge would be completed in a month.

5. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, a famous English engineer, thought that the (чем) broader the gauge the (тем) more easily would the trains run.

B

1. If I took the night train, I would be in Scotland by morning.

2. If the transportation costs were reduced, the total cost of the commodity (товар) would be lowered too.

3. If ballast weren’t renewed from time to time, the railway track would sink (оседать) in many places.

4. If there were no railways, it would be much more difficult to transport such kinds of freight as coal, timber, iron ore, etc.

5. If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an airplane at a speed of about 300 km/h, it would require 565 days to encircle it at the equator.

C

1. Had I known of his arrival, I would have met him at the railway station.

2. If the refrigerator car had not been invented, it would have been impossible to carry perishable goods over long distances.

3. The construction of the new rail line would have been finished much earlier if the weather conditions had been favorable (благоприятные).

4. The fast train from Manchester would have arrived on time if it hadn’t been held up by the track repair work.

5. While testing a wooden railway bridge over the Irkut river, V. Popov, a chief engineer, got on the cabin of the test locomotive with a revolver in his hand. When tests were successfully over he said he would have shot himself if the bridge had collapsed.

Ex. 23. Match the two parts of the sentences.

I f there were no electricity, …	we would have to travel for several thousand centuries.
If they received all the necessary equipment, …	we wouldn’t take a taxi.
If the travelers had cameras with them, …	it would have taken much more time and efforts to lay down the track.
If we didn’t have so much luggage, …	the freight turnover (грузооборот) would be greatly increased.
I would have gone on an excursion with you, …	I would have met him.
Had you planned your time better, …	we would have no radio, telephone, television or computers.
If various machines hadn’t been used in railway construction, …	if she had been more attentive.
Had you informed me of John's arrival, …	if I had known about it in advance.
She would have noticed this mistake, …	they would be able to carry out the experiment.
If the railway had a large fleet of high-capacity containers, …	you wouldn’t have missed the train.
Hadn’t a passer-by helped us, …	they would take photos of the beautiful scenery.
If we were to make a journey in a plane to the nearest star, …	we would not have found the way.