Grammar Review

Ex. 1. Give the third form of the verbs. Mind the reading of the -ed ending.

to operate, to have, to be, to find, to consist, to carry, to do, to make, to tell, to use, to think, to write, to give, to design, to see, to go, to transport, to increase, to come, to pull, to begin, to become, to offer, to call, to take, to control, to send, to draw, to reach, to know, to say, to construct, to build.

Ex. 2. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian, paying attention to italicized predicates in the form of the Perfect Tense.

1. I have taken somebody else’s suitcase by mistake.

2. The reason for the freight train derailment hasn't been found yet.

3. The train was late because a tree had fallen across the line.

4. The new American turbo-train has covered a 230-mile distance in 3 hours 15 minutes with 4 stops between Boston and New York.

5. After Bessemer had invented а new method of steel-making, the price of steel was greatly reduced.

6. For many years, railway track has been laid and repaired by hard manual labor.

7. The train crew was informed that the departure time had been changed.

8. Recently, there has been an increase in rail traffic because many products are coming in from abroad.

9. The depot at Derby Road had been disused since 1966 when the last steam locomotives were withdrawn from service.

10. Since 1931, a famous train, the Red Arrow has operated on the St.Petersburg-Moscow line, leaving Moscow at 23:55 daily and arriving in Saint Petersburg at 07:55 the next morning and vice versa.

11. By the time the train reached its destination, Paul had made friends with many of his traveling companions.

12. We have heard on the radio today that the train fares will be increased in summertime.

13. Until recently, the price difference between the first and second class tickets on the Spanish Railways had been amounted to 81%. This difference has been greatly reduced and now first class fare is only 30% more expensive than second class.

14. In 1825, there were only 2 locomotives available for use on a public railway; by the turn of the century, their number had increased to 70,000.

15. Investigators (следователи) were photographing the wreckage from all angles, and searching for a data recorder that had been aboard the freight train.

Ex. 3. Put the verbs into the required tense form. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. Israel Railways (to order – Present Perfect Active) three four-car double-deck trains from Bombardier Transportation at a cost of Euros 16 million.

The air-conditioned trains comprising a power car and three trailers (to introduce – Future Simple Passive) in the Tel Aviv area.

2. The train (to stop – Past Simple Active) at all the stations, and long before we (to get – Past Simple Active) to London, every seat (to occupy – Past Perfect Passive) and people (to stand – Past Continuous Active) in the corridors.

3. It (to calculate – Present Perfect Passive) that East Japan Railway Company (to sell – Present Simple Active) 1,000 ton of tickets annually.

Now, these tickets (to collect and to re-use – Present Continuous Passive) in the manufacture of cardboard and toilet paper.

4. When we (to come – Past Simple Active) to the station, the train (to arrive / already – Past Perfect Passive) and the passengers (to hurry – Past Continuous Active) to take their seats in the carriages.

5. China (to have – Present Simple Active) the world’s sixth longest railroad system. By the mid-1970s, all of its major manufacturing centers and provincial capitals (to link – Past Perfect Passive) by railway network. Railway construction (to begin – Past Simple Active) in China late in the 19^th century. By the beginning of the World War II, more than 25,000 km of track (to lay – Past Perfect Passive) down, mainly in the eastern and northeastern parts of the country. During the war, many railway lines (to destroy – Past Simple Passive). Rail construction (to resume – Past Simple Passive) after 1949 and it (to continue – Present Perfect Active) ever since.

6. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (to make – Present Perfect Active) a loan (ссуда) of $US120,000 to the Russian Ministry of Railways for the railway rehabilitation project.

7. New Zealand’s most serious rail disaster (to happen – Past Simple Active) on Christmas Eve 1953. The railway bridge at Tangiwai (to collapse – Past Simple Active) when a Wellington-Auckland express passenger train (to cross – Past Continuous Active) it. 151 lives (to lose – Past Simple Passive).

8. The Blue Train (to run – Present Perfect Active) between Cape Town and Pretoria, South Africa, since 1939. It (to derive – Present Simple Active) its name from its blue locomotives, railroad cars, and leather seats.

Ex. 4. Put the verbs into the required tense form. Translate the text and be ready to answer the general questions given below.