The First Transcontinental Railroad (by Matthew Elton)

Talk of a transcontinental railroad started in 1830, shortly after steam-powered railroads were invented in Great Britain and began to be introduced into the United States. This talk intensified as railroad technology advanced.

In 1862, Congress passed a bill that called for two railroad companies to build a railroad that stretches across the entire continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. This railroad was to promote growth of settlements¹ in the western United States. Before the railroad was built, people had to travel to the west on horseback or in horse-drawn wagons. This journey took months. After the completion of the transcontinental railroad, people could travel across the United States in a matter of hours. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad Companies built the first transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific was to start construction of the railroad in Sacramento, California, and build east. The Union Pacific was to start construction in Omaha, Nebraska and build west. When the two railroad companies met, the transcontinental railroad would be completed.

To build the railroad, the two companies had to raise enormous sums of money. The government lent them millions of dollars. It also gave them twenty miles of public land for every mile of track they laid. With the guarantees of money from the government and the chance to get free land, the railroad companies attracted many investors. The Central Pacific began construction in 1863. The Union Pacific laid its first rail in July 1865.

The Central Pacific Railroad Company faced a problem. They didn’t have enough employees to build the railroad. Many of their railroad workers had left their jobs to try to find gold during a gold rush. Although the companies preferred American workers, they had to hire several Chinese workers. They found that the Chinese were efficient, fearless, and hard working. They also followed their own customs, which ended up being good for the railroad company. They boiled water and drank hot tea. The American workers drank cold water, which was often plague-infected². Because the Chinese boiled their water to make tea, the bacteria were killed and they rarely got sick. Pleased with the Chinese workers, the railroad companies hired thousands of them from China.

By May 1869, the Central Pacific Company had laid 690 miles of track and 1,086 miles of track had been laid by Union Pacific. Only a short distance separated the two tracks from their meeting place in Promontory, Utah. On May 10, about 3,000 government and railroad officials, railroad workers, spectators, and journalists attended the ceremony of the completion of the first transcontinental road. A band played as a Chinese crew and an Irish crew laid the last section of the track. The last railroad spike was set in place, completing the railroad. It was called the golden spike, and was actually made of pure gold.

However, although eastern and western railroads had met, the transcontinental railroad was not yet coast-to-coast. It was not until September 1869, that the Mossdale bridge across the San Joaquin River, California was completed. This drawbridge was the final section of the Union Pacific-Central Pacific line, the first railroad crossing the entire country. By 1895, four more U.S. lines stretching across the continent had been built. Now people could travel across the nation at an incredible speed.

Notes: ¹settlement – поселение, населённый пункт;

²plague-infected – заражённый чумой.

Ex. 12. Go back to the text to find the English equivalents for the Russian phrases.

• по мере развития технологии

• способствовать увеличению количества поселений

• за несколько часов

• столкнуться с проблемой

• в конечном итоге оказалось полезным

• редко болеть

• протянуться через континент

• с невероятной скоростью

Ex. 13. Choose the right word and translate the sentences.

1. Talk / speech of a railroad spanning the American continent from west to east started after steam powered railroads had been invented in Great Britain.

2. In 1862, Congress passed a bill that called for / looked for two railroad companies to build a transcontinental railroad.

3. The new railroad was to promote / to decide economic development in the western US.

4. In the early 19^th century, people had to travel in horse-pushed / horse-drawn coaches.

5. When the two railroad companies met, the transcontinental railroad was completed / invented.

6. To build the Union Pacific-Central Pacific line a lot of money had to be approved / raised.

7. The government left / lent the two companies millions of dollars.

8. The government gave the companies social / public land to build the railroad.

9. The Union Pacific laid / put its first rail in July 1865.

10. The Central Pacific Railroad Company didn’t have enough employers / employees to build the railroad.

11. The Company management found that the Chinese workers were efficient / effective and hard working.

12. Union Pacific had laid 1,086 miles of track / way.

13. The last railroad spike was made of pure / poor gold.

14. The Union Pacific-Central Pacific line was the first railroad to cross the enter / entire country.

15. By 1895, four more U.S. lines had spanned / surveyed the continent.

Ex. 14. Choose the appropriate answer to the questions below.

1. When was the idea of a transcontinental railroad proposed?

1. after steam powered railways appeared in the old world

2. after the U.S. Congress passed a bill to construct the railway

3. after the first steam locomotives were brought to California

2. Why would the transcontinental railroad promote growth of settlements?

1. because there would be more goods to sell and buy

2. because people would be free to travel across the continent

3. because horses could by used on the farms more efficiently

3. Why could the companies attract many investors?

1. because the companies promised them great profits

2. because the investors could be employed as top managers

3. because the companies preferred wealthy people

4. What major problem did the Central Pacific Railroad Company face?

1. they were poorly financed

2. they had no experience in laying railway tracks

3. they were poorly staffed

5. What national custom proved to be particularly useful for the Central Pacific Railroad Company?

1. Chinese tradition to drink green tea

2. Chinese tradition to boil water

3. Chinese tradition to drink hot tea

6. Why did the companies hire the Chinese to work on the railroad?

1. because they didn’t speak English

2. because they were not afraid of difficulties

3. because they didn’t complain about working and housing conditions

7. What event did crowds of people attend on May 10, 1869 in Promontory, Utah?

1. the ceremony of the completion of the transcontinental railroad

2. the football match Central Pacific vs. Union Pacific

3. the President’s address to the Congress

8. Why was the last spike called the 'golden spike'?

1. because it looked like gold

2. because it was covered with gold

3. because it was made of gold