- •Министерство образования и науки
- •Рецензенты:
- •Введение
- •Section 1 the system of english consonants
- •Assimilation of consonants
- •Types of assimilation
- •1. Train different degrees of aspiration in the following pairs of words:
- •2. Train the loss of aspiration in the following words:
- •3. Read aloud the following words and word combinations. Mind the nasal plosion within the words and at word boundaries:
- •4. Read aloud the following words and word combinations. Mind the lateral plosion within the words and word boundaries:
- •Practise palataization of some consonants:
- •Train ”light” and ”dark” variants of the phoneme [l]:
- •Train a slight palatalization of the following consonants. To achieve this raise the front of the tongue towards the soft palate:
- •7. Train the loss of plosion in the following words and at word boundaries:
- •12. Train the following cases of false assimilation. Try to pronounce distinctly sound combinations:
- •13. Find the examples of true and false assimilation in the following words and word combinations written in transcription:
- •14. Read in a loud voice the following combinations of words with consonant clusters. Mind different phonetic phenomena in them:
- •15. Identify different phonetic phenomena in the following rhyme. Read the rhyme:
- •I’ll meet you any time you want,
- •Section 2 the system of english vowels
- •Phonetic peculiarities of english vowels
- •Practical material
- •Practice to pronounce the combinations of two vowels smoothly:
- •2. Mind positional length of the phonemes [j] and [l] in the following chains of words:
- •3. Train the phonetic syllabication in the following phrases:
- •5. Train the pronunciation of the linking [r] in the following phrases:
- •6. Make vowel rhymes choosing the correct word on the right:
- •7. Cross out the word which does not contain the vowel sound on the left:
- •8. Read aloud the phrases below. Pay attention to the pronunciation of front vowels:
- •9. Read aloud the sentences below. Be careful to pronounce correctly the front vowels:
- •10. Read aloud the phrases below. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the back vowels:
- •11. Read aloud the sentences below. Be careful to pronounce correctly the back vowels:
- •12. From each line write out one word in which the stressed vowel is pronounced differently.
- •Our queer language
- •Section 3 reduction of vowels
- •3. The following words are never reduced:
- •Indefinite pronoun ”some” in the meaning of “certain”
- •The table of weak and strong forms of form words
- •Practical material
- •1. Pronounce each of the following expressions as a blend unit. Be careful to weaken unstressed syllables properly:
- •2. Read and transcribe the following sentences:
- •3. Compare the full forms of the vowels in the words from the left column with the reduced form in the words from the right column:
- •4. Read the following sentences, paying attention to prepositions before final pronouns. The prepositions may have no stress, but they are used in their strong forms:
- •Section 4 accentual sructure of english words
- •Practical exercises
- •Pronounce the following words observing full or partial stress. Then read the sentences paying special attention to the words with two stresses:
- •6. Read the following sentences paying attention to the differentiating function of stress in the italized words:
- •7. Find the meaning of the following words which may be used either as nouns and verbs. Write these words in transcription. Mind their pronunciation:
- •9. Put the following countries into the correct stress columns below:
- •10. Write the nationality words next to each country.
- •11. Read the following sentences aloud. Mind the sentence stress.
- •12. Mark the sentence stress in the following sentences. Practice reading the sentences aloud:
- •13.* Listen to the following sentences and mark the sentence stress in them:
- •14. Give the stress patterns for these sentences.
- •15. * Listen to the poem and mark the sentence stress. The first verse is done for you. Then read aloud the verse. Future intentions
- •16. Read the poem and mark the sentence stress. Learn it by heart:
- •17. By using the logical stress, make the following sentences serve as an answer to each of the following questions.
- •I put my black coat away.
- •She lost her pocketbook.
- •18. Read the following sentences according to the indications given in brackets.
- •19. In the following sentences, the words which are logically stressed are in bold type. Read the sentences, note the shift of nucleus in them.
- •20. Read the following sentences paying attention to the unstressed as…as:
- •21. Care should be taken not to put a stress on as…as:
- •23. Read the following sentences, paying attention to prepositions preceded by the verb “to be”. They are usually stressed when there is no stressed word before them.
- •Section 5 english rhythm
- •Practical exercises
- •2. Break the following sentences into rhythmical groups and read them fluently beating the time:
- •3. The following exercise will help you to maintain the regular beat of the stresses. Read the lines aloud:
- •4. Read the following sentences, paying attention to the number of syllables in each group in bold type and changing the rate of speech accordingly.
- •6.* Listen to the following dialogues and imitate the rhythm in them:
- •7.* Let’s sing a song!
- •8. Read the following rhymes. Mind the English rhythm:
- •9. Mark the sentence stress in the following sentences. Match them with the rhythmic patterns given below. One sentence is odd:
- •10. Sentences for rapid reading. Note the loss of stress:
- •Section 6 english intonation
- •Intonation is a complex unity of variations in pitch, stress, tempo and timbre.
- •Low fall
- •Practical exercises
- •1. Reading practice. Read the following sentences and write tonograms to each of them:
- •2. Read the following short imperatives and then expand them using the words in brackets. Observe the change of the position of the Low Fall in them:
- •Low rise
- •Practical material
- •1. Reading practice. Read the following sentences and write tonograms for each of them:
- •Intonation of enumeration
- •Practical material
- •1. Train the intonation of enumeration in the following sentences:
- •2. Intone the following poem and read it:
- •Intonation of commands, violations, requests and advice
- •Practical material
- •Sequence of tones in alternative sentences
- •Practical material
- •1. Read the following alternative questions:
- •Practical exercises
- •1. Reading practice. Read the following sentences and write tonograms to each of them:
- •2. Reading practice. Train the Low Fall, Low Rise and High Fall in the following sentences:
- •High rise
- •Practical material
- •1. Reading practice. Read the following sentences and write tonograms for each of them:
- •2. Reading practice. Work in pairs training the High Rise. Change the roles:
- •Accidental Rise (Special Rise)
- •Fall rise
- •Practical material
- •1. Reading practice. Train the Fall-Rise in pairs. Change the roles:
- •2. Train the “undivided” Fall-Rise in the following sentences:
- •3. Train the “divided” Fall-Rise in the following sentences. Write tonograms for them:
- •4. Reading practice. Train 5 Nuclear Tones:
- •Rise-fall
- •Practical material
- •1. Train the Rise-Fall in the following sentences.
- •2. Reading practice. Train 6 Nuclear Tones:
- •Rise-fall-rise
- •Level tones
- •Intonation of parentheses
- •Intonation of vocatives
- •Intonation of the author’s words (reporting phrases)
- •Sequence of tones Sequence of Tones in simple sentences
- •Sequence of Tones in complex sentences
- •Practical material
- •Read the following sentences; practise the Rising Intonation in
- •2. Read the following sentences; practice the Falling Intonation in the first sense-group. It is frequently heard in grammatically complete non-final groups:
- •3. Read the following sentences; practise the Rising Intonation of final phrases and clauses added to a statement as an afterthought:
- •Sequence of Tones in alternative questions
- •1. Read the following alternative questions, paying attention to the combination of tones:
- •The scheme of the phonetic analysis
- •1. Analize the following sentences according to the scheme:
- •Section 7 supplementary material Limerics
- •In England once there lived a big
- •Reading dialogues
- •Sightseeing
- •2. Catching a bus
- •3. Dinner invitation
- •4. Discussing a new story
- •5. Daily needs
- •6. Greetings a. Acquaintances
- •B. Good friends
- •Elevenses (Lunch)
- •8. About prices
- •9. At the Police
- •10. Gossips
- •In this dialogue train the Rise-Fall in short general questions to show surprise.
- •11. Home-made food
- •In the following dialogue choose the right Nuclear Tones while pronouncing the interjection “mm”. It has several meanings. “Mm” means “What did you said?”, “Yes” and “How nice!”
- •12. At the shop
- •Reading Texts
Министерство образования и науки
Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное
Учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Южный федеральный университет»
Технологический институт в г. Таганроге
кафедра иностранных языков
М.А.Зеленская
УЧЕБНО_МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ ФОНЕТИКЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Таганрог 2012
Рецензенты:
кандитат филологических наук, доцент кафедры ИЯ ТТИ ЮФУ
Мельник О.Г.
Кандидат наук, доцетн кафедры ЛО ТТИ ЮФУ
Балуян С.Р.
М.А.Зеленская
Учебно-методическое пособие по практической фонетике английского языка, изд-во ТТИ ЮФУ, 2012, 92 с.
В пособии представлены базисные данные по фонетике английского языка и разработана система упражнений для овладения и совершенствования произносительных навыков.
Пособие предназначено в первую очередь для студентов кафедры «Лингвистичекого образования», а также студентов других специальностей, желающих самостоятельно ознакомиться с фонетической структурой английского языка.
Таганрог 2011
Введение
Настоящее методическое пособие предназначено для студентов специальности 0229 «Перевод и переводоведение», а также для студентов других специальностей, желающих ознакомиться с фонетической системой английского языка.
Целью пособия является дать базовые сведения о фонетическом строе современного английского языка. Пособие состоит из 7 разделов, в которые включен базовый теоретический материал по основным аспектам фонетики, включая систему английских звуков (согласных и гласных) и все фонетические явления, связанные с ними, а также такие важные аспекты, как акцентуальная и слоговая структура английских слов, ритм, интонация и ее компоненты. Последний раздел содержит дополнительный материал, включающий поэзию, диалоги и отрывки из литературных произведений, предназначенных для фонетического анализа текста и последующего выразительного чтения данного материала. Данный материал рекомендуется для самостоятельной подготовки.
В каждом разделе содержится большое количество практического материала, с помощью которого закрепляются теоретические знания и тренируются все фонетические явления. Упражнения предназначены для хоровой и индивидуальной работы в аудитории, а также для самостоятельной работы дома. Помимо специальных фонетических упражнений, в пособие включен стихотворный и песенный материал.
Section 1 the system of english consonants
In the English alphabet there are 26 letters and 44 sounds. As for the sounds there are 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds. Among the consonant sounds there are 15 voiced consonant sounds and 9 voiceless ones.
A consonant is a sound produced with an obstruction to the air stream. In the articulation of the voiceless consonants the air stream is strong, while in voiced consonants it is weaker.
The consonant sounds are classified as follows:
voiceless plosives [p], [t], [k]
voiced plosives [b], [d], [g]
affricates [C], [G]
fricatives [f], [v], [[s], [z], [S], [Z], [T], |D]
sonorants [m], [n], N], [l], [r], [j]
pharingal [h]
cacuminal [r]
apical [t],[d], [s],[z], [n], [l], [S], [Z],[T],[D], [C], [G]
bilabial [p], [b], [m],[w]
labio-dental [f], [v]
interdental [T],[D]
ARTICULATORY PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS
Russian has no consonant phonemes like the following English phonemes: [w], [T], [D],[C], [G], [r], [ N], [h]
1. The English voiceless consonants are pronounced more energetically than the similar Russian consonants.
2. The English voiceless plosives [p], [t], [k] are pronounced with aspiration in a stressed position when followed by a vowel, whereas the similar Russian consonants have no aspiration.
3. Many of the English apical consonants, such as [t], [d], [l], [n], [s],[z] have alveolar articulation while the similar Russian consonants have dental articulation.
4. The English phonemes [S], [Z ] are short whereas the similar Russian consonants are long.
5. Palatalization of consonants is not a phonemic feature in English, whereas it is a phonemic feature in Russian. Compare: pick –пик, letter - лето. However, there are only five consonants which are palatalized at some extent. They are: fricatives [S], [Z], africates [C], [G] and the lateral sonorant [l] before front vowels (light variant of pronunciation).
In the system of English consonants there exist a lot of phonetic phenomena. Let us discuss the most important of them.
ASPIRATION is a slight puff of breath that is heard after voiceless plosive consonants. e.g. Pete, kite, take.
LOSS OF ASPIRATION occurs when [p], [t], [k] are preceded by [s]. e.g. spark, style, skate.
The degree of aspiration depends on the position of a plosive in a word. Aspiration is the strongest at the beginning of a word. It is a bit weaker in the middle of it and it is the weakest at the end of a word. Compare: pen – appetite – top.
PHONETIC PLOSION takes place when the organs of speech are quickly open and the air escapes with plosion. There are two types of phonetic plosion in English.
NASAL PLOSION occurs when [n] is preceded by [t],[d]. e.g. button, sudden, midnight.
LATERAL PLOSION occurs when [l] is preceded by [ t ], [d ]. e.g. middle, little.
LOSS OF PLOSION is observed at the boundary of two plosives (stops) or a plosive plus [m, n, f, v, s, z, C, G, T, D ]. In this case the first sound loses its plosion. e.g. accomodation, dark garden, bad job.
Two variants of pronunciation of the phoneme [l]
There are two ways of pronunciation of the phoneme [l] according to its position in the word. The [l] before vowels is called ”light” or ”clear”. While pronouncing this variant the tongue touches the teethridge, the middle of the tongue is high.
The [l] after vowels and at the end of the words is called “dark”. While pronouncing it the tongue touches the teethridge but the middle of the tongue is low.
REDUCTION OF CONSONANTS is an elision of consonants within words and at word boundaries. Reduction may be historical, when the consonant has been lost in the process of development of the language and it may occur in a rapid colloquial speech.
Examples of historical reduction: write ( silent letter w) [rait], doubt [daut], lamb [lxm], damn [dxm], know [nou], castle [kRsl].
Examples of reduction in the flow of speech: the dictionary form of mostly [moustli], but in rapid speech [mousli].