1. 1.История международных отношений и внешней политики России (1648-2000). М., 2003, с.47-53

Lecture 7-8

Theme of the lecture: Europe and Napoleon invasions. Vienna Congress.

The objective of the lecture. Students should know international relations eve and during the French Bourgeois Revolution. Formation of the European coalitions against France. Vienna Congress. Formation of the “Holy Alliance”.

Outline of the lecture:

1. War against II Coalition (1798-1801).

2. War against III Coalition (1805-1807).

3. War against IV Coalition (1813-1814).

4. Vienna Congress.

5. “Holy Alliance’.

6. The Monroe Doctrine and the Concert of Europe.

The brief content of the lecture .

1. Foreign policy of Napoleon divided into two parts:

• before Continental blockade;

• from November 1806, when Decree about blockade was signed.

Napoleon began his struggle with destruction of Austria. In June 1800 Austrian army was defeated at Marengo and Hohenland. In 1801 peaceful treaty was concluded in Lunevil. France received Belgium and Luxemburg. After treaty II Coalition disintegrated.

2. On October 20, 1805 Austrian army was surrounded and defeated at Ulma. On November 13, French army entered to Vienna. But in 1805 England navy destroyed French-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar. At December 2, 1805 Napoleon destroyed Russian and Austrian armies at Austerlits. Austria capitulated . Prussia didn’t support allies. Russian army came back Russia. III Coalition disintegrated. On December 26, 1805 France and Austria signed Pressburg treaty. Austria recognized French emperor as king of Italy, gave Cis Alpean territories and paid tribute 40 mln. forints.

3. After death of England Prime-Minister U.Pitt relations between France and England improved, but the position of Prussia worst. Prussian king applied to Russian emperor Alexander I for aid. Sweden and England promised support too. Forth coalition was founded. But Napoleon invaded to Saxony and Prussia and destroyed Prussian army in 1806 at Yen and Aurshadt. French army entered to Berlin. Just in Berlin on November 21, 1806 Decree of Napoleon about Continental blockade was declared. On May 7, 1807 treaty was concluded between Russia and France at Tilzit:

• Russia obliged to join to Continental blockade and recognize Napoleon conquest. Napoleon suggested to join all lands from Neman to Visla, which led to liquidation of Prussia. After that, Napoleon invaded to Spain in 1808. Portugal was conquered easily, in Spain Patriotic war began.

• Alexander I decided to extend his power on Finland, which submitted to Sweden. Napoleon was interested in this war, because Sweden supported England. In 1809 Russia banished Swedes from Finland. Finland became a part of Russian empire.

• Russian-Turkish and Russian-Iranian wars were finished. In May 16, 1812 Bucharest treaty was signed. Russia joined territories between Dnestr and Prut (Bessarabia).

• Valakhia and Moldova were returned to Turkey.

• Abkhazia, Mingrelia and Guria were given to Russia in Caucasus.

• Anapa was returned to Turkey.

In 1812 invasions to Russia began. On September 7, 1812 crucial battle was at Borodino. After banish of Napoleon from Russia, Prussia and Austria sought support from Russia:

• On February 15, 1813 Russia and Prussia concluded treaty in Camish, where obliged to wage wars against France;

• Russia recognized borders of Prussia, existed before 1806 and its independence.

• Austria declared war France. New anti French coalition was formed. The actual defeat of Napoleon was the result of the Fourth Coalition and the battle of Leipzig (“Battle of Nations”).

• On March 1,1814 England, Russia, Austria and Prussia signed treaty on 20 years term.

• On March 30, 1814 armies of Prussia, Austria and Russia entered in Paris. Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the island of Elba as sovereign with an income from France.

4. After learning of allied disharmony at the Vienna peace talks, Napoleon left Elba and began the Hundred Days by seizing power from restored French king, Louis XVIII. Napoleon’s gamble ended at Waterloo in June 1815. He was exiled as a prisoner of war to the South Atlantic island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821. Vienna Congress adopted “Vienna regulations”, which established 3 classes of diplomatic agents:

• Ambassadors

• Envoys

• Charge d’affaires

5. Arrangements to guarantee the enforcement of the status quo as defined by the Vienna settlement included two provisions:

• The “Holy Alliance” of Tsar Alexander I of Russia;

• “Quadruple Alliance” of Russia, Prussia, Austria and England provided for concerted action to arrest any threat to the peace or balance of power.

From 1815 to 1822, European international relations were controlled by series of meetings held by the great powers to monitor and defend the status quo:

- The Congress of Aix la-Chapelle (1818) arranged for withdrawal of the allied army of occupation from France, and the admission of France into the Concert of Europe (Quintuple Alliance).

- The Congress of Troppau (1820) was summoned by Metternich because of the outbreak of revolution in Spain. A Policy statement (Protocol of Troppau) which would authorize armed intervention into any state that underwent revolutionary change was opposed by England.

- The Congress of Laibach (1821) authorized Austrian troops to end the revolutionary changes in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, where revolutions had spread from Spain. No decisions was made concerning Spain.

• The Congress of Verona (1822) was called because of the continuing Spanish Revolution and outbreak of revolution in Greece (1821). When Russia, Prussia and Austria agreed to support French intervention in Spain, the new English foreign minister, George Canning (1770-1827), withdrew England from the Concert of Europe. Verona marked the effective end of the Congress system.

6. British fears that Metternich would attempt the restoration of Spain’s colonies, then revolting in Latin America, prompted George Canning to suggest, and then support, the foreign policy statement of the United States of America known as the Monroe Doctrine (1823), which prohibited any further colonization and intervention by European powers in the western hemisphere.

England hoped to replace Spain by establishing her own trading monopoly with the former Spanish colonies. Throughout the XIX c., British commercial interests dominated Latin America.

The policy of interventionism in the affairs of the South American countries is known as Monroe Doctrine. It led to isolationism in European affairs and interventionism in Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine became an instrument of American imperialism.

Glossary

Confirmation	утверждение	Бекіту
Welfare	благо	Игілік
Yield	уступать	Көну
Immunity	неприкосновенность	Дербестік
Gamble	военная авантюра	әскери авантюра
Envoy	посланник	Кіші елші
Charge d’affaires	поверенный в делах	Іс бойынша сенімді өкіл

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about Napoleon’s military campaigns.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Vienna Regulation and its influence on international relations”.

Home tasks: Write essay: “Holy Alliance – as the first international organization”.

List of the reference on the theme: