1. 1.История международных отношений и внешней политики России (1648-2000). М., 2003, с.41-46

Lecture 6

Theme of the lecture: International relations in Europe in the end of the XVIII-beg. XIX cc.

The objective of the lecture. Students should know the main stages of the French Revolution and establishment of the Napoleon’s Government.

Outline of the lecture

1. French Revolutions.

2. Napoleon’s government.

3. Partitions of Poland.

The brief content of the lecture.

I. Liberals and radicals in Europe in Europe and America hailed the birth liberty and freedom. Conservatives predicted that anarchy would ensue everywhere if French revolutionaries succeeded.

England, Prussia and Russia founded coalition France. But in September 1792, the Convention abolished monarchy and installed republicanism. Louis XVI was executed on January 21, 1793. Later the same year, the Queen, Marie Antoinette, would meet the same fate.

On February 1, 1793 Convention declared war England, and French army entered to Holland. England strengthened activity for foundation of antifrench coalition, where entered: England, Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland and other states. Coalition invaded to France. By the spring of 1793, the new Republic was in the state crisis. A power struggle ensued between Girodins and Jacobins until Jacobins installed government. (A Committee of Public Safety, directed by Maximililien Robespierre (1758-1794).

On June 24, 1793 National Convention adopted New Constitution, which defined new principles of Jacobins diplomacy. The main aim to take France from political and economy isolation and to found alliance of the states against anti French coalition, which would been include Sweden, Genoa and Turkey. A part of bourgeoisie demanded to conquer Belgium and left bank of Rhine and prepared plot against Robespierre. On July 27, 1794 Robespierre was denounced in the Convention, arrested, and executed the next day.

A new Constitution was written in 1795 – which set up a republican from government. A new Legislative Assembly would choose a five-member executive board, the Directory, from which the new regime was to take its name. In 1794-1795 Directory concluded treaties with other states. On April 1795 Franco-Prussian Treaty was signed. Both sides declared peace and friendship and France left territory of Prussia on the right bank of the Rhine. On May 1795 the treaty was concluded between France and Holland, depend from France. On July 22, 1795 France signed Peace with Spain.

II. At that time the popularity of Napoleon increased. He was selected to lead army into Italy in the campaign of 1796 against the First Coalition (1792-1797). There he defeated the Austrians and Sardinians and imposed the Treaty of Compo Formio (1797) on Austria, effectively ending the First Coalition and isolation England. Napoleon launched his invasion of Egypt (1798), which was directed against England (became threatened to the French plans in India). But his navy was destroyed by Englad’s Lord Nelson in the battle of the Nile. Napoleon and the French army were isolated in North Africa.

England attempted to found Second Coalition against France, where must been entered England, Russia, Austria, Turkey and Neopolitan Kingdom.

In France a group of conspirators decided to save Revolution by overthrowing the Directory. Napoleon was invited to furnish the army power, and his name, to the takeover (Coup d’Etat Brumaire, November 9, 1799). The new government was installed on December 25,1799 with Constitution which concentrated supreme power in the hands of Napoleon. Executive power was vested in three consuls, but the First Consul (Napoleon) behaved more as an enlightened despot than revolutionary statesman. Napoleon was an able diplomat and concluded Peaces with Rome Pope, Austria and Toscana:

• in 1801 Monvel Treaty with Austria;

• in 1801 Paris Treaty with Russia;

• in 1802 Amven Treaty with Bataw Republic.

III. In 1793 Russia for its entranceto antifrench coalition was permitted to second partition Poland. Russia received Kiev province, Volyn and Vilen.

In 1794 rebels uprised in Krakov, headed by general Tadeush Kostjushko. Russian (under the command of A.Suvorov), Prussian and Austrian armies were sent on suppression uprising, after what the thirt partition of Poland began:

• Russia received Lithuania, Kurland, Byelurussia and Ukraine lands;

• Prussia gained northern part of Poland and Warsaw;

• Austria took Lublin and Krakov.

So, France with its revolutions was in a center of international relations of European states in the XVIII beg. XIX cc. as in the XVII-XVIII cc.

Glossary

Ensue	следовать	Еру,ілесу
Hail	приветствовать	Қолдауғ,мақұлдау
Install	устанавливать	Орнау
Impose	навязывать	Күштеп,міндеттеу
Conspirator	заговорщик	Қастандық жасаушы

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about first Napoleon military Campaigns.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Todeush Kostjushko’s uprising”.

Home tasks: Prepare a short essay about main stages of French Revolution and leaders of it.

List of the reference on the theme: