1. 1.История международных отношений и внешней политики России (1648-2000). М., 2003, с.29-40

2. История международных отношений и внешней политики СССР 1917-1987 гг. в 3-х тт. – М., 1986-1987, т. 1,с.177-188

3. История дипломатии. В 5-ти тт. – М., 1959-1979, т.1, с.87-91

Lecture 5

Theme of the lecture: Europe and foundation of the USA.

The objective of the lecture. Students should know the main reasons, stages of the foundation of the USA and position of the European states in it.

Outline of the lecture

1. Declaration of Independence. War of the North England colonies for Independence. American diplomacy.

2. European diplomacy.

3. Paris (Versailles) Treaty (1783).

The brief content of the lecture.

1. In 1775 English colonies began war for Independence, which lasted 8 years and finished by sign of Versailles Treaty in 1783.

On July 1776 Continental Congress declared Independence of the USA and adopted Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was author of Declaration. It was the first document, rejected feudal and monarch foundations of society and declared democratic freedoms.

France, Spain, Russia announced about their neutrality:

• They hoped, that England was defeated and they return their colonies in Northern America and Europe, lost after Seven Years’ War.

• In other side European monarchs didn’t support rebels legally.

• Britain king George III attempted to found coalition of European state, but it failed.

Embassy of the USA had two aims:

1. Increasing of military and financial aids from France;

2. Involving of France to war against England;

2. In December 1777 American troops under the command of G.Washington won at Saratoga. Anglo-American negotiations began. Verzhen (minister of foreign affairs) afraid that the conclusion of treaty led loss of it’s West Indian colonies. Using by situation, Franklin convinced of Louis XVI to sign union with the USA. The Congress stopped negotiations with England. On February 6,1778 Franklin signed two treaties with France:

• about trade;

• about alliance;

Treaty about alliance means entrance of France to war against England and refusal from policy of neutrality. Spain joined to this treaty, hoping to return colonies in the Northern America and Europe. According Treaty:

• The USA recognized sovereignty and equality of rights. The USA guaranteed inviolability of French colonies in America;

• Treaty means the exile of England from Northern and Central America: the USA gained rights to declare pretends on Britain colonies and Bermuda islands, France – on West Indian colonies of Britain, Spain – on Florida (which was lost during the Seven Years’ War).

European allies of the USA led military actions against England:

• France fought in India, Ireland, at Atlantic coast of England;

• Spain siege Gibraltar.

In 1780 League of neutral states was formed by Russia. This states protected own trade ways and resisted to military actions of England.

2. England began negotiations. Franklin, John Jay, John Adams represented the USA. Treaty was concluded in Paris (Versailles) in 1783:

• Government of the Great Britain recognized the USA, just: New Hampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rod-island, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Deliver, Maryland, Virginia, Northern Carolina, Southern Carolina and Georgia free and independent states.

• England obliged to withdraw armies from the USA.

• Borders of the USA established along the river Mississippi on the West, along the Great lakes and river of Saint Laurent on the North.

• Canada stayed England colony.

• Americans preserved fishing rights in New Faun lands.

• England returned Senegal in Africa to France and ceded island Tobago in West India. Both states returned all territories in India to each other.

• Florida and island Minorca were gained to Spain.

Paris Treaty means new redistribution of colonies in Northern America in damage of England. Defeat of England promoted growth of national-liberation movement in Ireland, national-enlightment movement against Spain-Portugal ruling in Latin America.

Glossary

Neutrality	нейтралитет	Нейтралитет
Inviolability	неприкосновенность	дербестік

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about history of the first English conquests and formation of Northern American colonies.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Role of French diplomacy in the formation of the United States”.

Home tasks: Prepare a short essay about Russian system of military naval neutrality foundation.

List of the reference on the theme: