Lecture 1

Theme of the lecture: The political life in Europe in the XVI-first half of the XVII cc.

The objective of the lecture. Students should know the main events, which took place in the XVI-XVII cc. Periodization of the history of International Relations. What is diplomacy? Formation of diplomatic service and so on.

Outline of the lecture

1. General characteristics of international life in Europe in the XVI-XVII cc.

2. Main political contradictions in Europe in the XVI-XVII cc.

The brief content of the lecture

XVI c. brought to the life of European states changes in political, economic, religion, cultural spheres.

1. Europe formed as a whole world, which resisted to other world.

2. Great geographical discovers stimulated international relations.

Policy became independent sphere of human activity and new political conceptions were formed: principle of “state interest” and “social welfare”. “State” didn’t perceive as a private of monarch.

• Problems of economic evolution of European states influenced on international relations. Germany, Italy and Spain lost leader position and yielded to England, France, Holland.

• In the XVI c. Confessional situation changed in Europe. Reformation led to separation from Catholic world the main part of Europe and it’s weakened Europe in the struggle against Moslem expansion of Ottoman empire.

• “Political balance” dominated in political life , which based on the contradictions between great states.

• War was a mean of the decision of international problems.

• In the middle of the XVII c. Diplomacy formed: system of permanent embassies, diplomacy ranks, form of diplomatic protocol and language of diplomatic correspondence created. Concept about diplomacy immunity developed.

In the XVI c. A few centers of contradictions between leading states were formed:

1. Franco-Hapsburg contradictions.

2. Spain-England contradictions.

3. Struggle for the Northern sea ways.

4. Struggle of Netherlands against Spain for independence.

5. Rivalry between first colonial empires.

6. Rivalry between France and England.

7. Ottoman empire interfered in internal and external affairs of European states.

Glossary

Confirmation	утверждение	Бекіту,мақылдау
Welfare	благо	Игілік
Yield	уступать	Жол беру
Immunity	неприкосновенность	Дербестік

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about formation of diplomatic service in Europe in the XVI-XVII cc.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Foundation of colonial system in XV-XVI cc.”

Home tasks: Write essay: “A founders of political science”.

List of the reference on the theme:

1. История международных отношений и внешней политики России (1648-2000). М., 2003, с.5-9

2. История международных отношений и внешней политики СССР 1917-1987 гг. в 3-х тт. – М., 1986-1987, с.17-115

3. История дипломатии. В 5-ти тт. – М., 1959-1979, с.27-56

4. Киссинджер Г. Дипломатия.- Ладомир, 1997, с.10

Lecture 2

Theme of the lecture: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) and Peace of Westphalia (1648).

The objective of the lecture. Students should know the main reasons, stages of the Thirty Year’s War. Political reverses in Europe after Westphalia Treaty.

Outline of the lecture

1. The reasons of the Thirty Years’ War.

2. The stages of the Thirty Years’ War.

3. Westphalia Treaty.

4. The results of the Thirty Years’ War.

The brief content of the lecture

1. The Thirty Years’ War was the first war in the European scale. Many states took part in the war. Two lines of the political development of Europe collided in this war:

1. Austrian and Spain Hapsburgs aspired to found whole European Christian monarch.

2. England, France, Holland and Sweden aspired to create strong states on national base.

• To the beginning of the war internal war began in Germany. In 1608-1609 two military-political unions of German dukes formed: Gospel treaty and Catholic League.

• Relations between France and coalition of Spain and Austrian Habsburgs was conflict in political life of the Western Europe. France pretended on Alsace, Lorraine, Southern Netherlands, Northern Italy.

• Denmark and Sweden attempted to separate from competition on the Northern seaways.

• England fought with Spain on sea.

The War divided into 4 stages:

1. The Bohemian Period (1618-1625).

2. The Danish Period (1625-1629).

3. The Swedish Period (1629-1635).

4. Swedish-French Period (1635-1648).

The Treaty of Westphalia was concluded on Oct. 24, 1648 and defined territorial, political and legal assignment. Concluded one hundred confessional contradictions in Europe.

Territorial problems were solved in following way:

• The presence of ambassadors from all of the belligerents made settlement of all disputes possible. Only French-Spanish war continued, ending in 1659.

• The principles of the Peace of Augsburg were reasserted, but with Calvinists included. The Pope’s rejection of the Treaty was ignored.

• The independence of the United Provinces from the king of Spain, and Swiss Confederacy from the Holy Roman Empire, was recognized.

• Individual German states, numbering more than 300, obtained nearly complete independence from Holy Roman Empire.

• Dutch and Swiss republics were granted formal recognition as independent powers. Additionally, Sweden, Prussia, and France gained new territory.

• The war between France and Spain continued for 11 more years until Spain finally ceded part of Spanish Netherlands and Territory in Northern Spain to France. A marriage was arranged between Louis XIV, Bourbon king of France, and Maria Theresa, daughter of Hapsburg king of Spain, Philip IV. Later Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) in the name of his wife.

• Religion. The principle that “the religion of the prince is the religion of the realm was extended to permit the Reformed faith (Calvinism) in Germany as well as Catholic and Lutheran churches.

• The war brought great destruction to Germany, leading to decline in population of perhaps one-third, or more, in some areas. Germany remained divided and without a strong government until the XIX c.

Results:

The Catholic crusade to reunite Europe failed. The religious distribution of Europe has not changed significantly since 1648.

Nobles, resisting the increasing power of the state, usually dominated the struggle. France, then Germany, fell apart due to the wars. France was reunited in the XVII c. Spain began a decline which ended its role as a great power of Europe.

Glossary

Aspire	стремиться	Тырысу,ұмтылу
Gospel	Евангелический	Інжілдік
Monetarily	денежный	Ақшалай
Belligerent	воюющая сторона	Соғусышу жақ
Apart	в стороне, особняком	Қатынаспау
Due	должный, надлежащий	Тиісті

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about decisions of Utrecht Treaty and it influence on the political life of Europe.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Political life in Russia in the XVI-beg.XVII cc.”

List of the reference on the theme:

1. 1.История международных отношений и внешней политики России (1648-2000). М., 2003, с.10-14

2. История международных отношений и внешней политики ссср 1917-1987 гг. В 3-х тт. – м., 1986-1987, с.58-118

3. История дипломатии. В 5-ти тт. – м., 1959-1979, с. 62-76

Lecture 3

International relations in Europe in the second half of the XVII- beg. XVIII cc.

The outline of the lecture.

1. International situation in the second half of the XVII c.

2. Expansionist plans of France.

1. Devolution war.

2. Second Dutch war.

3. War of the League of Augsburg.

4. War of the Spanish succession.

3. Treaty of Utrecht (1713).

4. The Great Northern War (1701-1721).

The brief content of the lecture.

I. In political life of Western and Central Europe the status of the great state not only France had, but England, Netherlands, Sweden, Spain , and state of Habsburg (consist of Moravia, Silesia, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary). The head of Habsburgs had a crown of the Holy Rome Empire of the German nations, and Portugal and Denmark.

In the Eastern Europe Russia played leading role.

In the Southern Europe the same Ottoman Empire did.

The confession wars ended, and trade-economic rivalries began. The second half of XVII c. – is a time, when England, France and Netherlands turned into colonial empires. Wars had character of the struggle for new colonies and redistribution of colonies between England, France and Holland and conquest of Spain and Portugal colonies, which didn’t defend own interests.

In the second half of XVII – beg. XVIII cc. France was as a leader in the Western Europe. New situation in international life of Europe coincided with the ruling of Louis XIV (1643-1715) – the most brilliant period in the history of French absolutism. He aspired to be an absolute ruler.

II. 1. Devolution war (1667-1668). The main aim was the joining of the Spanish Netherlands. Treaty of Aix-La-Chappell (1668).

2. Second Dutch War (1672-1678). Louis XIV sought revenge for Dutch opposition to French annexation of the Spanish Netherlands.

3. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697). Treaty of Ryswick (1697).

War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) All states of the Western Europe joined against hegemony of France. The Grand Alliance.

III. The Utrecht Treaty was the most important European Treaty since Peace of Westphalia:

• The Spanish Empire was partitioned and Bourbon remained on the throne of Spain. Philip V (Philip Anjou) retained Spain and Spanish Empire in America and renounced his claims to French throne.

• The Hapsburg Empire acquired the Spanish Netherlands (Austrian Netherlands thereafter) in Central Europe and territories in Italy.

• England took Gibraltar, Minorca, Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, and Nova Scotia.

• France retained Alsace and the city of Strasbourg. As a result, the Hapsburgs became a counterbalance to French power in Western Europe, but no longer occupied the Spanish throne. For France it was an end of political advantage in Europe. “Age of France” finished in Western European history, and age of “balance of power” began.

IV. In the Northern and Eastern Europe, Sweden leaded in the second half of the XVIIc, while in the first half of the XVII c. – Poland. Leading role of Sweden and domination on the Baltic sea didn’t satisfy neighbor states: Denmark, Poland and Russia.

In the end of the XVII c. 1698-1699 Northern Union was concluded between Peter I (Russia), August II (Poland) and Fridrich IV (Denmark). Peter I pretended to the Baltic Sea. Poland claimed Lifland, Denmark claimed southern lands of Scandinavian Peninsula. During 1700-1706 members of Northern Union were defeated and Union disintegrated. Victory of the Russian troops at Poltava in 1709 led to restoration of Northern Union. Nystad treaty between Russia and Sweden was concluded in 1721:

• Russia gained Ingermanland (along the river Izhor), part of Karelia, Eastland, Lifland (Livonia) with Riga, Revel, Derpt (Tartu), Narva, Vyborg, islands Ezel, Dago, Moon.

• Russia obliged to return to Sweden Finland, which was occupied by Russia and to pay 2 mln efimks.

• Issues of Northern War changes correlation forces in Europe. Sweden lost status of the great state forever, while the authority of Russia increased.

• Russia now had possessions on the Baltic Sea and a “window on the West”.

Glossary.

Bohemia	Чехия	Чехия
Revenge	месть	Кек, өш
Correlation	соотношение	Арақатынас
Precedent	первенство	Біріншілік, озықтық
Defer	откладывать	Алып қою
Partition	расчленение	Бқлшектеу
Acquire	приобретать, получать	Алу, иелену

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about formation of Augsburg League.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “External policy of the Peter I”

Home tasks: Write essay: “The main stages for Spanish succession

war ”.

List of the reference on the theme: