Питання до екзамену

1. Translation as a notion and subject. Significance of translation. The main terms of notions in the theory of translation. The difference between “faithful” translation and equivalent translation.

2. The trends (schools) in the science of translation.

3. The general theory of translation: object and objectives.

4. Basic translation theories.

5. Special theories of translation.

6. The problem of faithfulness in translation.

7. The main principles of faithful translation.

8. Grammatical transformations in the process of translation:

1. What is rearrangement? Enumerate the main cases in which a translator resorts to rearrangement. Give examples.

2. What is substitution? What are the basic types of substitutions in practical translation? Give examples.

3. What is addition? What are the basic cases in which a translator resorts to addition? Give examples.

4. What is omission? What are the main reasons for omission? Give examples of English-Ukrainian translation.

5. What is reduction? (p. 379-381)

9. ways of translating:

1. literal translating;

2. verbal translating;

3. word-for-word translation;

4. the interlinear way (method) of translating;

5. literary translating;

6. versification. (p.25)

10. The types of lexical transformations:

1. concretization of meaning;

2. generalization of meaning;

3. antonymic translation;

4. sense extension (modulation);

5. compensation technique.

11. Name the classes of sense units which do not undergo any structural transformations. (p. 361-362)

12. Expand on the nature of inner/ implicit transformation of the souce language/ sense units in the target language. (p. 363-366)

13. Define the nature and types of outer/ explicit transformation of the language/ sense units in the process of translation. (p. 363-366)

14. Name the main transformations employed in the process of translating Ukrainian evaluative lexis (diminutives and augmentatives) (p. 366; 382-387)

15. The problem of translating untranslatable lexical units.

16. The concept of the nationally biased lexicon.

17. The penetration of a nation’s specific lexicon into other national languages.

18. Ways of rendering the meaning of the nationally biased units of lexicon:

1. the factors which predetermine the choice of the ways of translation;

2. the ways of translation:

• transcription (transliteration) only;

• transcription or transliteration and explication;

• descriptive explaining/ explication only (descriptive paraphrase)

• translation of componental parts and additional explication of the units of specifically national lexicon;

• word-for-word or loan translation;

• semantic analogy;

• hyperonymic recreation;

• interlingual transposition on the connotative level;

• contextual explication of the units of specifically national lexicon;

• situational substitutes.

19. Methods and ways of translating various proper names:

1. the main rules of conveying different English sounds in Ukrainian translations of proper notions;

2. rules and methods of Romanization of different Ukrainian proper nouns in English (names/ family names of people, place names etc);

3. methods of conveying the nicknames of people in English and Ukrainian (the general rules and exceptions);

4. rules of translating the names of companies, corporations, firms and their equivalent bodies in English and Ukrainian;

5. the rule of translating the names of institutions bearing honorary names in English and Ukrainian;

6. the rule of translating the names of hotels, guest houses, hostels in English and Ukrainian;

7. rules of translating the names of streets, squares and residential areas from Ukrainian into English;

8. the rule of translating the names of English/ Ukrainian publishing houses, news agencies, etc.;

9. rules of translating the names of public bodies into English and Ukrainian;

10. rules of translating geographical names.

20. Conveying the meaning of language units at passage/ text level:

1. name the obligatory steps which have to be observed before starting a written or oral translation (interpretation) of a source language passage (work);

2. prove the necessity of linguistic/ semantic/ historical/ cultiral etc enquiries (investigations) of the passage (work) prior to its rendering into the target language;

3. argue for or against the need for making a list of synonymous contextual equivalents (substitutions) or difficult (interesting) syntactic constructions of the target language in the process of translating the source language passage (work);

4. list and explain the requirements which are necessary for a faithful expression (translation) of stylistically marked elements of the source language passage (work) to achieve a high quality translation;

5. identify the most common features of the belles lettres style texts and name the ways of their faithful expression (rendering) in the target language.

ЗМІСТ

Пояснювальна записка Критерії та норми оцінювання Плани практичних занять Завдання для самостійної роботи Критерії оцінювання на екзамені з теорії та практики перекладу Питання до екзамену

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