(Figure 31)

After nippling up the BOP stack a smaller bit on a slick bottom hole assembly is run in hole to drill out cement. The slick assembly is an assembly without stabilizers to avoid hitting the casing inside. This bit drills out the float collars and the drillable casing shoe along with the cement in between.

22. Completing the well & Setting Production Casing

After the operating company carefully considers all the data obtained from the various tests it has ordered to be run on the formation or formations of interest, a decision is made on whether to set production casing and complete the well - or to plug and abandon it. If the decision is to abandon it, the hole is considered to be dry, that is, not capable of producing oil or gas in commercial quantities. Some oil or gas may be present but not sufficient to justify the expense of completing the well. Several cement plugs are set in the well to seal it off more or less permanently. Sometimes wells that were plugged and abandoned as dry at one time in the past may, however, be reopened and produced if the price of oil or gas has become more favourable. The cost of plugging and abandoning a well may only be a few thousand dollars. Contrast that cost with the price of setting a production string of casing. The operator's decision, therefore, is not always easy.

If the operating company decides to set casing, this will be brought to the well and for one final time the casing and crew run and cement a string of casing. Usually, the production casing is set and cemented through the pay zone, that is, the hole is drilled to a depth beyond the producing formation, and the casing is set at a point near the bottom of the hole. As a result, the casing and cement actually seal off the producing zone - but only temporarily. After the production string is cemented, the drilling contractor has almost finished his job except for a few final touches.

23. Perforating production casing

Since The pay zone is sealed-off by the production string and cement, perforation must be made in order for the oil or gas to flow into the wellbore.

Perforations are simply holes that are made through the casing and cement and extend some distance into the formation. The best common method of perforation, incorpo­rates shaped-charge explosives (similar to those used in armour-piercing shells).

Shaped charges accomplish penetration by creating a jet of high pressure, high-velocity gas. The charges are arranged in a tool called a gun that is lowered into the well opposite the producing zone. Usually the gun is lowered in on wire­line. When the gun is in position, the charges are fired by electronic means from the surface. After the perforations are made, the tool is retrieved. Perforating is usually performed by a service company that specialises in this technique.

24. Drill Stem Test (dst)

Another helpful technique is the drill stem test (DST) tool, which is made up on the drill string (the drill stem) and set at the depth required. A packer, which is an expandable hard-rubber sealing element, seals-off the hole above it by expanding when weight is set down on it. A valve is opened to allow any forma­tion pressure and fluids present to enter the tool. A recorder in the tool makes a graph of the formation pressures. Then the packer is released and the tool re­trieved back to the surface. By looking at a record of the downhole pressures and surface flows a good measure of the characteristics and contents of the res­ervoir can be obtained. Other valves or points are opened to expose the formation to atmospheric pressure, allowing the well to flow.