Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian (Russian) with the help of the vocabulary listed above. Road Planning and Administration in the usa

In the United States, the state governments are responsible for constructing and maintaining interstate highways, U.S. highways, and state highways. Local governments — counties, cities, and townships — are generally responsible for the rest of the road system.

In the first quarter of the 20th century, roads in the United States were often little more than dirty paths. These primitive roads were impassable after heavy rains, and automobiles would become stranded in thick mud. At that time highway agencies concentrated on little more than paving existing rural roads.

A more organized program of planning in the United States began in earnest in 1934, when the U.S. Congress passed the Hayden-Cartwright Act. This act provided federal aid for state highway departments to plan in-depth studies.

By 1940 most states were examining such factors as road conditions, volume and nature of highway traffic, highway life spans, and future highway needs. Later highway acts expanded funding to take into consideration state policies and state, regional, and local issues.

Federal funding and planning guidelines in the United States are administered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The FHWA distributes funds according to formulas established by Congress and sets general policies for design, construction, operations, and maintenance. The agency does not, however, provide any of these functions. Its basic goal is to provide for a safe and consistent national system of highways. The state departments of transportation or local governments actually plan, construct, and maintain the highway systems.

Task 5

Restore the sentences. Consult the text above.

1. In the first quarter of the 20th century, roads in the United States were….

2. An organized program of planning in the United States began….

3. Highway acts passed by the US Congress after 1940 expanded.…

4. Federal funding and planning guidelines in the United States are administered by….

5. ….sets general policies for design, construction, operations, and maintenance of roads.

6. ….are responsible for constructing and maintaining interstate highways, U.S. highways, and state highways.

7. Counties, cities, and townships — are generally responsible for.…

Task 6

Answer the following questions using the information from the text.

1. What were roads in the USA like in the first quarter of the 20th century?

2. Which body in the USA is responsible for constructing and maintaining interstate highways?

3. Which bodies are responsible for constructing and maintaining local roads?

4. Which body in the USA administers distributes funding and sets general policies for road desing, construction, operations, and maintenance?

5. When did an organized program of road planning begin in the USA?

6. What did the Hayden-Cartwright Act provide?

7. What is the basic goal of the U.S. Department of Transportation?

Task 7

Fill in prepositions if necessary. Consult the text above.

1. The U.S. Department .… Transportation distributes funds according …. formulas established …. Congress.

2. This road is impassable …. heavy rains, and automobiles often become stranded .… thick mud.

3. The US local governments are responsible .… local road systems.

4. It is necessary to concentrate .… paving existing rural roads.

5. Federal funding ….roads ….the United States are administered .… the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) .… the U.S. Department .… Transportation.

Task 8

Transform the following sentences according to the model. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian (Russian).

Model

The U.S. Congress passes acts of law.  Acts of law are passed by the U.S. Congress.

1.Highway acts expand state, regional, and local funding.

2. The Federal Highway Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation administers federal road funding.

3. The FHWA provides for a safe and consistent national system of highways in the USA.

4. The state departments of transportation or local governments plan, construct, and maintain the highway systems.

5. The FHWA distributes funds according to formulas established by Congress.

Task 9

Translate into English the following word-combinations.

1. Федеральне управління доріг США.

2. Принцип, загальний принцип, впроваджувати загальні принципи.

3. Термін служби, термін служби дороги.

4. Застрявати, застрявати в бруді.

5. Дослідження, всебічні дослідження.

6. Закон, приймати закон.

7. Фінансування, державне фінансування, державна стратегія фінансування, збільшувати фінансування.

8. Брати до уваги, брати до уваги проблеми на місцях.

9. Кошти, розподіляти кошти.

10. Відповідальність, нести відповідальність, нести відповідальність за будівництво й експлуатацію доріг.

Task 10

Translate the sentences into English using the active vocabulary and the text above.

1. На початку XX століття дороги в США були непрохідними після сильних дощів.

2. Федеральне управління доріг США несе відповідальність за державну стратегію фінансування і загальне планування доріг.

2. Головна мета Федерального управління доріг США – передбачити безпечну національну систему доріг.

4. Федеральне управління доріг США розподіляє кошти відповідно до постанов Конгресу.

5. Управління доріг кожного штату несе відповідальність за планування, будівництво й експлуатацію доріг на його теріторії.

Task 11

Speak on road planning and administration in the USA.