10. Types of designation (nomination).

The accordance and function of lexical unit is determined by the needs of communication and connected with the process of designation.

Designation: the process of naming this or that object, phenomenon

According to Language Forms (words, word phrases, sentences):

Lexical – designation through a word and a word-phrase (object: items, quality, process, relations, any real or imaginary item)

Propositional – through a sentence (object: microsituation – an event, a fact which connects some elements and represents complex units)

Discursive – through a text (object: a more complicated chain of situations )

According to the Function:

Primary designation means the use of language forms in their first purpose, according to the aims of their creation.

Secondary designation means that one and the same element is used for naming other objects.

Hand – 1) рука (primary); 2) передняя лапа ; 3) власть ;4) ловкость;5) работник and so on…

Keyhole – key + hole

Motivation: the relationship existing between the morphemic or phonemic pattern of the word, on the one hand, and its meaning, on the other

Types of Motivation:

phonetic (when there's a certain similarity between the sounds which make up the word and those referred to by the sense) e.g. bang, buzz, giggle ;

morphological (found in all morphologically derived words whose meaning can be expressed by a word combination with a motivating word) e.g. driver – a person who drives

semantic (based on co-existence of direct and figurative meaning) e.g. mouth of a river, chicken (meat of a chicken)

A word is non-motivated when the connection between the phonetic and morphological structures of the word and its meaning is conventional, and there's no perceptible reason for the word having this sound form and morphological composition

11. Semantics. The ideational, referential and functional approaches to word-meaning. The function of the word as a unit of communication is possible by its possessing a meaning. Therefore, among the word’s various characteristics meaning is the most important. This particular linguistic study was pointed out in 1897 by M. Breal .Semasiology is a synonym for 'semantics' (from Gk. semasia 'meaning' + logos 'learning')

Different Approaches to Word Meaning: ideational (or conceptual), referential, functional .The ideational theory can be considered the earliest theory of meaning. It states that meaning originates in the mind in the form of ideas and words are just symbols of them. A difficulty: it is not clear why communication and understanding are possible if linguistic expressions stand for individual personal ideas. Meaning: a concept with specific structure. finger 'one of 10 movable parts of joints at the end of each human hand, or one of 8 such parts as opposed to the thumbs‘and палец 'подвижная конечная часть кисти руки, стопы ноги или лапы животного' Referential theory is based on interdependence of things, their concepts and names. The complex relationships between referent (object denoted by the word), concept and word are traditionally represented by the following triangle: Thought = concept ; Symbol = word; Referent = object .Meaning concept: different words having different meanings may be used to express the same concept .Concept of dying : die, pass away, kick the bucket, join the majority, etc .Meaning symbol In different languages: a word with the same meaning have different sound forms (dog, собака); words with the same sound forms have different meaning (лук, look) Meaning referent : to denote one and the same object we can give it different names A horse in various contexts can be referred to as: horse, animal, creature, it, etc. Functionalists study word meaning by making a detailed analysis of the way the word is used in certain contexts. The meaning of a word is its use in language. cloud and cloudy - have different meanings because in speech they function differently and occupy different positions in relation to other words.