- •1.Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Aims and the object of Lexicology. Two approaches to language studies.
- •2. Links of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics. The course of modern English Lexicology, its theoretical and practical significance.
- •3. The etymological composition of the English lexicon. Words of native origin.
- •4. Borrowings: their causes and criteria.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowings.
- •6. Classifications of borrowings: according to the borrowed aspect, according to the language from which they were borrowed.
- •8. The morpheme as the smallest meaningful language unit. Classifications of morphemes.
- •9. The word as the basic unit of the language system. Characteristics of words. Structural types of words. Word-groups. The notion of a lexeme.
- •10. Types of designation (nomination).
- •12. Types of word-meaning.
- •13. Polysemy: its nature, the main causes and sources. Meaning and context.
- •14. Polysemy. Semantic structure of words.
- •15. Change of word-meaning: the causes, nature and results.
- •16. Homonymy. Sources of homonyms.
- •17. Classifications of homonyms.
- •18. Polysemy and homonymy: etymological, semantic, distribution and spelling criteria.
- •24. Groups of words based on several types of semantic relations: conceptual (semantic or lexical) fields, lexical-semantic groups
- •25. Word-structure and morphemes. Morphemic types of words.
- •26. Segmentation of words into morphemes. Types of word segmentability. The procedure of morphemic analysis.
- •27. Derivative structure of words. The basic derivational units.
- •28. Affixation as a way of word formation. Prefixation. Classifications of prefixes.
- •29. Suffixation. Productivity of suffixes. Classifications of suffixes.
- •30.Conversion as a way of word formation. Typical semantic relations. Productivity of conversion.
- •31. Word-composition as a type of word formation. Features of compound-words. Classifications of compound-words.
- •32. Secondary types of word-formation: lexicalization, sound-imitation, reduplication, back-formation (reversion), sound and stress interchange.
- •33. Secondary types of word-formation: shortening (contraction), abbreviation, acronyms, blends, clippings.
- •34. Ways and means of enriching the vocabulary.
- •35. Neologisms: semantic groups, ways of forming.
- •36.Phraseological units and their properties. Criteria of phraseology.
- •37. Classifications of phraseological units.
- •38.Phraseological units: ways of formation. The sources of phraseology.
- •39. Historical development of British and American lexicography.
- •40. Encyclopedic dictionaries. Linguistic dictionaries: their basic features and criteria of classification.
- •41. Types of linguistic dictionaries.
- •42. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: selection of lexical units, arrangement of entries, selection and arrangement of meanings, definition of meanings.
- •43. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: illustrative examples, choice of adequate equivalents, setting of the entry, structure of the dictionary.
- •45. Variant vs. Dialect. General characteristics of the English language in different parts of the English-speaking world.
- •48. Methods of lexicological analysis (contrastive analysis, statistical analysis, immediate constituents analysis, distributional analysis, transformational analysis, componential analysis).
40. Encyclopedic dictionaries. Linguistic dictionaries: their basic features and criteria of classification.
Lexicography: the science of dictionary compiling
Lexicography is closely connected with Lexicology The object of lexicography and lexicology: vocabulary of a language
The material collected in dictionaries is widely used by linguists in their research.
The principles of dictionary making are always based on linguistic fundamentals.
Dictionary: a wordbook with lists of vocabulary units and their specific semantic, structural and functional characteristics
There are about 250 different kinds of dictionaries and their typology is not easy.
In Great Britain Oxford, Cambridge dictionaries
In the USA Webster's
According to the choice of items included and the sort of information given about them: Encyclopedic dictionaries, Linguistic dictionaries
Linguistic dictionaries are word-books.
Subject matter: lexical units and their linguistic properties (pronunciation, meaning, peculiarities of use, etc)
Encyclopedic dictionaries are thing-books that give information about the extra-linguistic world.
Subject matter: concepts, their relations to other objects and phenomena, etc.
Reference books: books confined for definite fields of knowledge
Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries often overlap.
Linguistic Dictionaries:
1. nature of the word-list:
general – contain lexical units in ordinary use with this or that proportion of items from various spheres of life;
restricted – contain lexical units from a certain part of the word-stock (terminological, phraseological, dialectal, etc.).
2. the information provided:
explanatory – present a wide range of data, especially with regard to the semantic aspect of the vocabulary items entered;
specialized – deal with lexical units only in relation to their etymology or frequency or pronunciation.
3. the language:
monolingual (information is given in the same language);
bilingual.
Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms
No dictionary can be a general-purpose word-book. Each is designed for a certain set of users.
Characterization of a Dictionary:
the nature of the word-list;
the information supplied;
the language of the explanations;
the prospective user.
41. Types of linguistic dictionaries.
Main types of linguistic dictionaries
Explanatory Dictionaries: provide information on all aspects of the lexical units entered: graphical, phonetical, grammatical, semantic, stylistic, etymological, etc.
Synchronic: deal with the form, usage and meaning of lexical units in modern English, taking no account of its past development.
Diachronic: concerned with the development of words occurring within the written history of the language.
Translation Dictionaries: word-books containing vocabulary items in one language and their equivalents in another language.
Phraseological Dictionaries: have vast collections of idiomatic or colloquial phrases, proverbs.
New Words Dictionaries: reflect the growth of neologisms in the English language.
Dictionaries of Neologisms:
Dictionaries of Slang: contain elements from areas of substandard speech such as vulgarisms, jargonisms, taboo words, curse-words, colloquialisms, etc.
Usage Dictionaries: investigate usage problems of all kinds: the difference in meaning between words – e.g. formality and formalism; give the proper pronunciation of words; give the plural forms.
Dictionaries of Word-frequency: inform the user about the frequency of occurrence of lexical units in speech.
Reverse Dictionary: a list of words in which the words are arranged in alphabetical order starting with their final letters.
Pronouncing Dictionaries: record contemporary pronunciation, indicate various pronunciations. Etymological Dictionaries: trace present-day words to the oldest forms available, establish their parent meaning, point out the source of borrowing. Ideographic Dictionaries: contain words grouped by the concepts.
Dictionaries of Synonyms: The best known bilingual dictionary of synonyms is English Synonyms compiled by Y. Apresyan.