- •1.Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Aims and the object of Lexicology. Two approaches to language studies.
- •2. Links of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics. The course of modern English Lexicology, its theoretical and practical significance.
- •3. The etymological composition of the English lexicon. Words of native origin.
- •4. Borrowings: their causes and criteria.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowings.
- •6. Classifications of borrowings: according to the borrowed aspect, according to the language from which they were borrowed.
- •8. The morpheme as the smallest meaningful language unit. Classifications of morphemes.
- •9. The word as the basic unit of the language system. Characteristics of words. Structural types of words. Word-groups. The notion of a lexeme.
- •10. Types of designation (nomination).
- •12. Types of word-meaning.
- •13. Polysemy: its nature, the main causes and sources. Meaning and context.
- •14. Polysemy. Semantic structure of words.
- •15. Change of word-meaning: the causes, nature and results.
- •16. Homonymy. Sources of homonyms.
- •17. Classifications of homonyms.
- •18. Polysemy and homonymy: etymological, semantic, distribution and spelling criteria.
- •24. Groups of words based on several types of semantic relations: conceptual (semantic or lexical) fields, lexical-semantic groups
- •25. Word-structure and morphemes. Morphemic types of words.
- •26. Segmentation of words into morphemes. Types of word segmentability. The procedure of morphemic analysis.
- •27. Derivative structure of words. The basic derivational units.
- •28. Affixation as a way of word formation. Prefixation. Classifications of prefixes.
- •29. Suffixation. Productivity of suffixes. Classifications of suffixes.
- •30.Conversion as a way of word formation. Typical semantic relations. Productivity of conversion.
- •31. Word-composition as a type of word formation. Features of compound-words. Classifications of compound-words.
- •32. Secondary types of word-formation: lexicalization, sound-imitation, reduplication, back-formation (reversion), sound and stress interchange.
- •33. Secondary types of word-formation: shortening (contraction), abbreviation, acronyms, blends, clippings.
- •34. Ways and means of enriching the vocabulary.
- •35. Neologisms: semantic groups, ways of forming.
- •36.Phraseological units and their properties. Criteria of phraseology.
- •37. Classifications of phraseological units.
- •38.Phraseological units: ways of formation. The sources of phraseology.
- •39. Historical development of British and American lexicography.
- •40. Encyclopedic dictionaries. Linguistic dictionaries: their basic features and criteria of classification.
- •41. Types of linguistic dictionaries.
- •42. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: selection of lexical units, arrangement of entries, selection and arrangement of meanings, definition of meanings.
- •43. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: illustrative examples, choice of adequate equivalents, setting of the entry, structure of the dictionary.
- •45. Variant vs. Dialect. General characteristics of the English language in different parts of the English-speaking world.
- •48. Methods of lexicological analysis (contrastive analysis, statistical analysis, immediate constituents analysis, distributional analysis, transformational analysis, componential analysis).
36.Phraseological units and their properties. Criteria of phraseology.
Regularly reproduced and having specific restrictions, structure and meaning phraseological units should defiantly be memorized, lexicalized and enter our lexicon. They should be the subject of lexicology, a long side its other lexical units. Phraseological units- the objects of especial brunch of lexicology that is phraseology. Phrasiol.unit- 1st introduced by Winogradov. Some other terms denoting more or less the same linguistic phenomenon: set-expressions, set- phrases, phrases, fixed word- groups, collocations. A phras.unit- a stable word-group characterized by completely or partially transferred meaning.- non-motivated word- groups that can not be freely made up in speech but are reproduced as ready-made units. A free word group- word combinations the components of which can be substituted. Criteria of phras.:
1.criteria of stability: is components of 3 word-groups which may vary according to the needs of communication, member words are phras.units are always reproduced as single unchangeable collocations. Eg.red tape- bureaucratic methods, red flower- blue,white flower.
2. criteria of idiomaticity (lack of motivation)- the meaning of phrase-al unit can not be deduced from the meaning of its components and it exists as a ready-made unit. Eg.to have a bee in one’s bonnet- to have an obsession about smth.crazy
3.criteria of function- as word- equivalents eg.heavy weight- тяжёлый вес(ad.n.-ad.n.); heavy father- кульминация пьесы (ad.n.-n.n.).
37. Classifications of phraseological units.
A phras.unit is a complex phenomena with a number important features which czn therefore be approach from different points of view, thus exists a considerable number of different approaches to classification of phras.units.
The semantic or etymological principle: the traditional oldest principle. This approach is widely used in Eng.and amer. Guides to phraseological units. On this principle phras.units are classified according to their sources of origin-sphere of human activity, of life of nature, of natural phenomena. Smiths gives in his class-ion groups of phras.units used by sailors, fishermen, soldiers, phraseol.units associated with domestic and wild animals and birds, agriculture, cooking etc.
The semantic principal by Winogradov. It’s founded on the degree of semantical cohesion between the components of the phras.unit. The more distant the meaning of the phras.unit from the current meaning of its constituent parts, the greater is its degree of semantic cohesion. Units with a partially transferred meaning show the weakest cohesion between their components.
1.Phras.combinations(collocations)- are word-groups which are usually made-up of 2 open-class words and one of them is used figurately. They are clearly motivated as the meaning of the units can be easily deduced from the meaning of its components. Eg.to be good at smth.
2. Phras.unities- partially motivated and stable word-groups but their meaning can be perceived through the metaphoric of the whole phras.unit. eg.to stick one’s guns
3. Phras.fusions- word-groups with complete change meaning. It contrast to the unities they are demotivated their meaning can not be deduced from the meaning of the constituent parts. They can not be transmitted word from word into other lang-ge.
The borderline between the types of phras.units especially the borderline separating unities from fusion is vague and subjective. It doesn’t take into account the structural characteristics of phras.units.
The structural principle: is based on the ability of the phras.units to perform the same syntactical functions as words. 1.verbal- to get the other hand; 2.substentive- dog’s life; 3.adjectival; 4.adverbial- between the devil and the black see; 5.interjectional.
Smirnitsky: combined struct.and semantical approaches. He grouped according to the number of significant elemens. According to the number of significant elemens: 1.one- summit units which have one meaningful constituent:to give up, to be tired; 2.two-summit and multi-summit units which have 2 or more meaningful components.:first night- премьера.