34. Ways and means of enriching the vocabulary.

There are different approaches to defining productivity of word formation means – one of them is based on quantitative approach. A derivative pattern or a derivative affix if considered to be productive if there are a lot of words built on this pattern or with the help of this affix (from a dozen to a thousand). E.g. V+er=N (teacher); N+ly=Adj (friendly); Adj+sound interchange+th=N (long-length). Productivity is characterized by the ability of a given suffix to make new words. Types of word formation There are a number of methods of word formation.Morphological word formation There are three subcategories; words created by derivation, words created by compounding, and words created by back-formation. Derivation Derivation is the process of forming new words from existing ones by adding affixes to them, like shame + less + ness → shamelessness. In cases in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories, this is known as agglutination, as seen in agglutinative languages. Compounding A compound is a word formed by stringing together older words, like the formation of earthquake from earth and quake. A sub-category of compounding is incorporation, which is a compound of a verb and an object or particle, like intake, a compound of the verb take with the preposition in. Back-formation Back-formation is word-formation via removing seeming affixes from existing words, such as forming edit from editor. Blending A blend is a word formed by joining parts of two or more older words. An example is smog, which comes from smoke and fog. "brunch",which comes from 'breakfast' and and 'lunch'. Sub-categories of blending are: -Acronym (a word formed from initial letters of the words in a phrase, like English laser from light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation) -Clipping (morphology) (taking part of an existing word, like forming ad from advertisement) Calque A Calque is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation; for example the English phrase to lose face is a calque from Chinese A sub-category of Calquing is the semantic loan, that is, the extension of the meaning of a word to include new, foreign meanings. Conversion Conversion involves forming a new word from an existing identical one, like forming the verb green from the existing adjective. Neologism A neologism is a completely new word, like quark. Subcategories of neologisms include: -The eponym, a proper noun that becomes commonly used for an idea it is associated with, usually by changing its part of speech, like Xerox, Orwellian, and Stentorian -The loanword, a word borrowed from another language, as cliché is from French -An onomatopoeic word, a word which imitates natural sounds, like the bird name cuckoo -Formation using Phono-semantic matching, that is, matching a foreign word with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root. semantic extension (computer science) An extension mechanism which introduces new kinds of objects into an extensible language, such as additional data types or operations.the suffix -er, for example, entered Dutch as an Agentive marker. Its meaning then predictably extended to nonanimate Subjects and from there to Instruments, e.g.spel-er 'player' > bijsluit-er 'enclosure' > open-er 'opener'.