- •1.Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Aims and the object of Lexicology. Two approaches to language studies.
- •2. Links of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics. The course of modern English Lexicology, its theoretical and practical significance.
- •3. The etymological composition of the English lexicon. Words of native origin.
- •4. Borrowings: their causes and criteria.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowings.
- •6. Classifications of borrowings: according to the borrowed aspect, according to the language from which they were borrowed.
- •8. The morpheme as the smallest meaningful language unit. Classifications of morphemes.
- •9. The word as the basic unit of the language system. Characteristics of words. Structural types of words. Word-groups. The notion of a lexeme.
- •10. Types of designation (nomination).
- •12. Types of word-meaning.
- •13. Polysemy: its nature, the main causes and sources. Meaning and context.
- •14. Polysemy. Semantic structure of words.
- •15. Change of word-meaning: the causes, nature and results.
- •16. Homonymy. Sources of homonyms.
- •17. Classifications of homonyms.
- •18. Polysemy and homonymy: etymological, semantic, distribution and spelling criteria.
- •24. Groups of words based on several types of semantic relations: conceptual (semantic or lexical) fields, lexical-semantic groups
- •25. Word-structure and morphemes. Morphemic types of words.
- •26. Segmentation of words into morphemes. Types of word segmentability. The procedure of morphemic analysis.
- •27. Derivative structure of words. The basic derivational units.
- •28. Affixation as a way of word formation. Prefixation. Classifications of prefixes.
- •29. Suffixation. Productivity of suffixes. Classifications of suffixes.
- •30.Conversion as a way of word formation. Typical semantic relations. Productivity of conversion.
- •31. Word-composition as a type of word formation. Features of compound-words. Classifications of compound-words.
- •32. Secondary types of word-formation: lexicalization, sound-imitation, reduplication, back-formation (reversion), sound and stress interchange.
- •33. Secondary types of word-formation: shortening (contraction), abbreviation, acronyms, blends, clippings.
- •34. Ways and means of enriching the vocabulary.
- •35. Neologisms: semantic groups, ways of forming.
- •36.Phraseological units and their properties. Criteria of phraseology.
- •37. Classifications of phraseological units.
- •38.Phraseological units: ways of formation. The sources of phraseology.
- •39. Historical development of British and American lexicography.
- •40. Encyclopedic dictionaries. Linguistic dictionaries: their basic features and criteria of classification.
- •41. Types of linguistic dictionaries.
- •42. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: selection of lexical units, arrangement of entries, selection and arrangement of meanings, definition of meanings.
- •43. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: illustrative examples, choice of adequate equivalents, setting of the entry, structure of the dictionary.
- •45. Variant vs. Dialect. General characteristics of the English language in different parts of the English-speaking world.
- •48. Methods of lexicological analysis (contrastive analysis, statistical analysis, immediate constituents analysis, distributional analysis, transformational analysis, componential analysis).
27. Derivative structure of words. The basic derivational units.
Derivatives: are words depending on some other lexical items that motivate them structurally and semantically.
The basic elements of a derivative structure of a word: a derivational base, a derivational affix, derivational pattern
A derivational base: a unit to which derivational affixes are added. It is always monosemantic.
Derivational bases are built on the following language units: a) stems of various structure, b) word-forms (unknown: un + Ved –>A), c) word-groups or phrases (long-legged: (A + N) + ed –> A) The derivational base (не равно)a stem (an unchangeable part of the word throughout its paradigm) unknown – derivational baseб know – stem A derivational affix is added to a derivational base. They have lexical, functional, distributional, and differential meaning and are characterized by 2 functions: stem-building (public, curious)б word-building (economic = economy + ic, courageous = courage + ous)
A derivational pattern: a scheme of order and arrangement of the IC-s of the word.
v + -er =N (teach-teacher, build-builder); re + v = V (re + write - rewrite)
28. Affixation as a way of word formation. Prefixation. Classifications of prefixes.
In English there are three major types of word-formation: affixation,zero derivation (conversion), composition (compounding).
Affixation. Prefixation. Classifications of prefixes.
Affixation has been one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English.
Affixation: formation of new words by adding derivational affixes to different types of derivational bases.
Affixes: productive (take part in deriving new words in the particular period of language development. To identify productive affixes one should look for them among neologisms). E.g. -er, -able. ; non-productive. E.g. -hood, -ous.
The productivity of affixes their frequency of occurrence: there are some high-frequency affixes which are no longer used in word derivation (the adjective-forming suffixes -ful, -ly, etc.).
Derived words formed by affixation may be the result of one or more applications of word-formation rule. Degrees of derivation: ***zero degree (found in simple words whose stem coincides with a word morpheme) (cat, table) ***first degree (found in words with one derivational affix) (teach-er, re-write) ***second degree (found in words formed by adding 2 derivational affixes in consequence) (teach-er head-teacher)
Affixation: suffixation, prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem.
There are about 51 prefixes in the system of Modern English word-formation.
The main function of prefixes: to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech.
But the recent research showed that there are about 25 prefixes which can transfer words to different parts of speech. to begulf, to debus, etc.
Prefixes may be classified on different principles:
1) origin of prefixes:
native (Germanic) (un-, over-, under-, etc.);
Romanic (in-, de-, re-, ex-, etc.);
Greek (sym- sympathy, hyper- hypertension, etc.).
2) the lexico-grammatical type of the stem:
deverbal (overdo, rewrite);
denominal (unbutton, ex-president);
deadjectival (uneasy).
Prefixes may be classified on different principles:
3) meaning:
negation (ungrateful, incorrect, disadvantage, etc.);
time and order (foretell, foreknowledge, pre-war, post-war, etc.);
repetition (rebuild, re-write, etc.);
location (subway, inter-continental, etc.),
quantity and intensity (bilingual, polytechnical), etc.
4) stylistic reference:
neutral stylistic reference (over-, re-, under-, etc.);
with stylistic value (super-, ultra-, pseudo-, bi-, etc.).
Disputable cases:
words with a disputable structure, such as contain, retain, detain and conceive, receive, deceive, where we can see that re-, de-, con- act as prefixes and -tain, -ceive can be understood as roots. But in English these combinations of sounds have no lexical meaning and are called pseudo-morphemes. Some scientists treat such words as simple words, others as derived ones.