- •1.Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Aims and the object of Lexicology. Two approaches to language studies.
- •2. Links of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics. The course of modern English Lexicology, its theoretical and practical significance.
- •3. The etymological composition of the English lexicon. Words of native origin.
- •4. Borrowings: their causes and criteria.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowings.
- •6. Classifications of borrowings: according to the borrowed aspect, according to the language from which they were borrowed.
- •8. The morpheme as the smallest meaningful language unit. Classifications of morphemes.
- •9. The word as the basic unit of the language system. Characteristics of words. Structural types of words. Word-groups. The notion of a lexeme.
- •10. Types of designation (nomination).
- •12. Types of word-meaning.
- •13. Polysemy: its nature, the main causes and sources. Meaning and context.
- •14. Polysemy. Semantic structure of words.
- •15. Change of word-meaning: the causes, nature and results.
- •16. Homonymy. Sources of homonyms.
- •17. Classifications of homonyms.
- •18. Polysemy and homonymy: etymological, semantic, distribution and spelling criteria.
- •24. Groups of words based on several types of semantic relations: conceptual (semantic or lexical) fields, lexical-semantic groups
- •25. Word-structure and morphemes. Morphemic types of words.
- •26. Segmentation of words into morphemes. Types of word segmentability. The procedure of morphemic analysis.
- •27. Derivative structure of words. The basic derivational units.
- •28. Affixation as a way of word formation. Prefixation. Classifications of prefixes.
- •29. Suffixation. Productivity of suffixes. Classifications of suffixes.
- •30.Conversion as a way of word formation. Typical semantic relations. Productivity of conversion.
- •31. Word-composition as a type of word formation. Features of compound-words. Classifications of compound-words.
- •32. Secondary types of word-formation: lexicalization, sound-imitation, reduplication, back-formation (reversion), sound and stress interchange.
- •33. Secondary types of word-formation: shortening (contraction), abbreviation, acronyms, blends, clippings.
- •34. Ways and means of enriching the vocabulary.
- •35. Neologisms: semantic groups, ways of forming.
- •36.Phraseological units and their properties. Criteria of phraseology.
- •37. Classifications of phraseological units.
- •38.Phraseological units: ways of formation. The sources of phraseology.
- •39. Historical development of British and American lexicography.
- •40. Encyclopedic dictionaries. Linguistic dictionaries: their basic features and criteria of classification.
- •41. Types of linguistic dictionaries.
- •42. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: selection of lexical units, arrangement of entries, selection and arrangement of meanings, definition of meanings.
- •43. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling: illustrative examples, choice of adequate equivalents, setting of the entry, structure of the dictionary.
- •45. Variant vs. Dialect. General characteristics of the English language in different parts of the English-speaking world.
- •48. Methods of lexicological analysis (contrastive analysis, statistical analysis, immediate constituents analysis, distributional analysis, transformational analysis, componential analysis).
1.Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Aims and the object of Lexicology. Two approaches to language studies.
Lexicology: – the science of word. (Р.З. Гинзбург); – a branch of linguistics which is the study of words. (Г.Б. Антрушина); – is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the properties of words as the main units of the language. (И.В. Арнольд)
Aim of Lexicology: a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use.
Object of Lexicology: lexicon - word-stock in modern English
Two Approaches to Language Studies: the synchronic approach (concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time, e.g., at the present time); the diachronic approach (deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time)
to beg and beggar
Synchronically: “beggar” was derived from the word “to beg” (as to sing – singer, to teach – teacher).
Diachronically: “beggar” was borrowed from Old French.
Descriptive Lexicology deals with the vocabulary and vocabulary units at a certain time.
Historical Lexicology deals with the evolution of the vocabulary units as time goes by.
General Lexicology – is a part of general linguistics; it is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language.
Special Lexicology – is the lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Russian), it is the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units.
Contrastive (Comparative) Lexicology studies the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more languages, and finds out the correspondences between the vocabulary units of the languages under comparison.
2. Links of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics. The course of modern English Lexicology, its theoretical and practical significance.
The word is studied in other branches of linguistics. Its closely connected with the history of language, stylistics(studies the use of words in different situations: formal & informal), grammar(studies the use of words in speech, concerned with various means of expressing grammatical relations between words & with the patterns after which words are combined into word-groups and sentences) (e.g. word – words ) , phonetics(on the acoustic level words consist of phonemes, phonemes have no meaning of their own, but they serve to distinguish between meanings) (e.g. [pit] is different from [tip]), phonology, morphology & syntax(words to a far greater degree sounds, grammatical forms or syntactical arrangements are subjects to change because the word-stock of lang directly and immediately reacts to changes in social life), methods of lan-ge teaching (of primary importance is the comparison of the foreign lang-ge with the mother lang-ge). The major aim of the course of modern eng.lex. is a systematical description of the word-stock in eng.
The Course of Modern English Lexicology Describes: the characteristic features of origin of English words; the problems of word-structure and word-formation in modern English; peculiarities of meaning of English words; the classification of vocabulary units into various groupings;
The Course of Modern English Lexicology Describes: the relations between various lexical layers of the English vocabulary; combinability of lexical units and the laws of formation of phraseological units; major ways of replenishing the English vocabulary with new vocabulary units; major standard variants of English. Lexicography is the science and art of dictionary-compiling.