- •1. Outline Comparative Stylistics as a science: object, subject, theory and practice.
- •3. Speak on the functional styles of the English and Ukrainian
- •6. Speak on the Stylistic analysis on the graphic level.
- •7. Specify syntactic stylistic devices.
- •15. Speak on word meaning: the problem of definition, referential and functional approaches to meaning.
- •16. Polysemy and homonymy
- •23. The category of Voice: passive voice in English and Ukrainian
- •26. Specifu the goals of translation.
- •27.Outline the functions of translation.
- •28. Speak on the objectives of the Theory of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •30.Speak on translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
- •Germany- Albrecht von Eyb (translator of Plautu’s works),Heinrich Steinhowel (translator of Aesop’s and Boccaccio’s works)
- •32. Speak on translation during the period of Classicism and Enlightenment.
- •33.Speak on the epoch of Romanticism and Establishment of the principles of
- •34.Dwell on translation in Ukraine.
- •35. Specifu criteria for translation classification.
- •37.Dwell on genre classification of translation.
- •39.Specify equivalents in translation: the notion of equivalence.
- •4O.Elucidate formal vs. Dynamic equivalence.
- •4 1 .Elucidate referential vs. Functional equivalence.
- •43.Speak on differentiation of meaning.
- •44. Speak on generalization of meaning.
- •45. Speak on semantic development of meaning.
- •46. Speak on antonymic translation.
- •48.Elucidate basic translation devices.
30.Speak on translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The Middle Ages (ca. 500 AD -1450 AD) are characterized bya general lack of progress and a constant stagnation in many spheres of mental activity including translation and interpretation, which continued to be practised, however, in the domains of ecclesiastic science and the church. Thus, interpreting from Greek into Latin is known to have been regularly employed in the 6
the century AD by the Roman church.
Word-for –word translation was widely practiced in the famous Toledo school in the central Spain (12-13centuries) where the outstanding translator of that country Gerhard of Cremona worked. Among the works translated there were scientific (as alchemy), mathematical works (on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physics, astronomy), philosophy, medicine. However, in Northern Spain another school of translation functioned where “sense-to-sense” approach was predominant and translations there were mostly performed from Greek into Hebrew (usually through Arabic). These same two principles, according to Solomon Ibn Ajjub, one of the greatest authorities on translation in the middle of the 13th century, were practiced in the southern Italian school (Rome), which had fallen under a strong Arabic cultural influence as well. Secular works were translated in this school with many omissions, additions, and paraphrases of their texts, which changed the original works beyond recognition.
King Alfred the Great took an active part in translating manuals, chronicles and other works from ancient languages and thus helped in the spiritual and cultural elevation of his people. His noble was continued by the abbot and the author Aelfric (955-1020) who would paraphrase some parts of the work while translating and adding his own part. Yet, Aelfric would consider this technique of rendering as a sense-to-sense translation. Abbot Aelfric himself admitted, that in his translation of the Latin work under the English title The Shepherd’s Book, he performed it “sometimes word-by-word” and “sometimes according to the sense”, in free translation. These same 2 approaches to translation were also characteristic of other European countries of the Middle Ages.
No less intensively practiced alongside of the free sense-to-sense rendering in Europe during the Middle Ages was thestrict word-for-word translation. Its domain of employment was naturally restricted to ecclesiastic and philosophic works. By this method the first ever translation of the Bible from Latin into English was accomplished in 1377-1380 by the religious scientist and reformer John Wycliffe.
31 .Speak on translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which started in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions. The most significant one – invention of the moving printing press by the German Gutenberg. It caused the quick growth of the amount of printed books and at the same time – readers. And the demand for books in its turn called forth an increase in translation activity, fiction translations. Alongside of this, the birth and strengthening of national European states raised the status of national languages and reduced the role of Latin. Translations began to be performed not only from classic languages but also from and into European languages. These real changes resulted in a wider use of faithful as well as free translations which started almost in one and the same time in France, Germany and England.
Certainly the greatest achievement of the Renaissance period in the realistic approach to conveying the source language works was the translation of the Bible into several West European national languages. The first to appear was the German Bible in Martin Luther's translation (1522 -1534). That faithful German translation of the Bible wasfollowed in 1534 by the English highly realistic translation of the Holy Book performed by the theologian William Tyndale (1492? -1536). A year later (in 1535) the French Calvinist Bible came off the press.William Tyndale's version of the Bible was the first ever scientificallygrounded and faithful English translation of the Holy Book.