3. Speak on the functional styles of the English and Ukrainian

A Functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means, which serves a definite aim in communication. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary language. In the English literary language we distinguish the following major Functional Styles (FS).

The language of belle lettre худож-ная проза. The language of publicistic literatures. The language of newspapers. The language of scientific prose.The language of official documents.

Each FS may be characterized by a number of distinctive features and each FS maybe subdivided into a number of sub styles. For example, the belle letre style has the following sub styles: The language style of poetry. The language style of emotive prose. The language style of drama.The most important feature of the poetic style is imagery, which gives rich additional information. This information is created by specific use of words and expressions. This information is to be conveyed through images. The language style of drama is entirely dialogues, but it is not the exact reproduction of oral speech.

Publicistic style of language also may be divided into three sub styles: Oratorical substyle. Radio and TV substyle. Essays the language style of articles. Publicistic style has features in common, with style scientific prose and at the same time has features in common with the emotive prose. The essay. The most characteristic language features of the essay are as follows: 1. The prorate of expression. 2. The use of first person singular. 3. Expanded use of connectives. 4. Abundant use of emotive words.

Newspaper style. The English newspaper style may be defined as a system of lexical, phraseological, grammatical means, aimed at serving the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. In the English newspapers the information is conveyed in the form of Brief new items. Information articles. Press reports. Advertisements, announcements.

Scientific prose style. In the scientific prose style maybe subdivided into the following substyles: The language of business documents. The language of legal documents. The language of diplomacy. The language of military documents.

4. Speak on basic sound effects and their stylistic value: onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance

There is one thing to be taken into account which, in a certain type of communication plays an important role. This is the way a word, a phrase or a sentence sounds.

Verier St Woolman, one of the founders of the theory of sound symbolism claimed that a certain sound when pronounced clearly and strong has special meaning and feeling. For example the sound [d], when repeated often may produce an effect of something evil, negative and wicked.

The sound of a word, or more exactly the way words sound in combination, often contributes something to the general effect of the message, particularly when the sound effect has been deliberately worked out.

The aesthetiс effect of the text is composed not only with the help of sounds and prosody, but with the help of sounds and prosody together with the meaning.

To influence aesthetically the sound part of the text should somehow be highlightened. An author can increase an emotional and aesthetic effect of his work through choosing the words, their arrangement and repetitions.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder, etc. – splash, bubble, rustle, whistle) by things (machines or tools, etc. - buzz) by people (singing, laughter, yawning, roar, giggle) and animals (moo, bleat, croak - frog).

There are two varieties of onomatopoeia: direct and indirect.

Direct onomatopoeia is contained in words that imitate natural sounds, as thud, bowwow, ding-dong, buzz, bang, ‘cuckoo. These words have different degrees of ‘imitative quality.

e.g. And now there came the chop-chop of wooden hammers.

Indirect onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense. It is sometimes called "echo writing". Indirect onomatopoeia is sometimes effectively used by repeating words which themselves are not onomatopoetic but they contribute to the general impact of the utterance.

Onomatopoeia helps to create the vivid portrayal of the situation described, and the phonemic structure of the word is important for the creation of expressive and emotive connotations.

Alliteration and assonance

Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance. The essence of this device lies in the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words.

Alliteration has a long tradition in English poetry as Germanic and Anglo-Saxon poems were organized with its help. (Beowulf)

Assonance is the repetition of similar stressed vowels within the line or stanza.

“… Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, if within the distant Aiden,

I shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore… (E. A. Poe)”

Alliteration, like most phonetic expressive means, does not bear any lexical or other meaning.

5. Specify different forms of literary discourse presentation: narration, description, dialogue, represented speech. Compositional forms.

Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse. The different kinds of narration are categorized by each one's primary grammatical stance: either 1) the narrator speaks from within the story and, so, uses "I" to refer to him- or herself (see first-person narration); in other words, the narrator is a character of some sort in the story itself, even if he is only a passive observer; or 2) the narrator speaks from outside the story and never employs the "I" (see third-person narration).

Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse), along with exposition, argumentation, and narration. Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a variety of forms and each has its own purpose and conventions.

Description is also the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story.

Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English[1]) is a literary and theatrical form consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people.

Represented speech is a stylistic device that may be used only in literature, when the author reports the thoughts of the character and it looks like thinking aloud.

Compositional form refers to how a musical composition is structured. There are many different forms in the world, and I'm not going to touch on all of them here; however, here are some examples of common forms:

Binary: AB Ternary: ABA Baroque: AABB In these forms, the letters represent themes in a musical composition.