- •1. Outline Comparative Stylistics as a science: object, subject, theory and practice.
- •3. Speak on the functional styles of the English and Ukrainian
- •6. Speak on the Stylistic analysis on the graphic level.
- •7. Specify syntactic stylistic devices.
- •15. Speak on word meaning: the problem of definition, referential and functional approaches to meaning.
- •16. Polysemy and homonymy
- •23. The category of Voice: passive voice in English and Ukrainian
- •26. Specifu the goals of translation.
- •27.Outline the functions of translation.
- •28. Speak on the objectives of the Theory of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •30.Speak on translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
- •Germany- Albrecht von Eyb (translator of Plautu’s works),Heinrich Steinhowel (translator of Aesop’s and Boccaccio’s works)
- •32. Speak on translation during the period of Classicism and Enlightenment.
- •33.Speak on the epoch of Romanticism and Establishment of the principles of
- •34.Dwell on translation in Ukraine.
- •35. Specifu criteria for translation classification.
- •37.Dwell on genre classification of translation.
- •39.Specify equivalents in translation: the notion of equivalence.
- •4O.Elucidate formal vs. Dynamic equivalence.
- •4 1 .Elucidate referential vs. Functional equivalence.
- •43.Speak on differentiation of meaning.
- •44. Speak on generalization of meaning.
- •45. Speak on semantic development of meaning.
- •46. Speak on antonymic translation.
- •48.Elucidate basic translation devices.
43.Speak on differentiation of meaning.
Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal Ukrainian correspondences to English words and phrases he must use the functional ones. This sort of change is called “contextual substitutions” or lexical transformations. Differentiation and concrete definition of meaning is such a transformation which presupposes the word of a broader semantics being substituted for a word with narrower semantics.
The choice of a more specific word in translation which gives a more detailed description of the idea that does the word in SL is a very common case in the English-Ukrainian translating process. English often makes use of general terms to define very definite objects and actions. It is used to render such words that have one common invariant meaning, disintegrating into several particular meanings and having different correspondences in Ukrainian. For example, the word “meal” means “any occasion of taking food” and corresponds to Ukrainian “їжа”, “сніданок”, “обід”, “вечеря”. Practically concrete definitions are always accompanied by differentiation of meaning. “it is arguedhere that none of these criticisms is successful” “Тут робиться спроба довести, що жодне з зазначених критичних зауважень не єобґрунтованим”.
Ukrainian context usually differentiates the meaning of such English words with a so-called blurred semantics: thing affair, matter, piece, entity, unit, item, challenge, claim, fine, good, useful, to be, to go, to get.
44. Speak on generalization of meaning.
It is opposite to differentiation of meaning. The meaning of such words as “foot”, “leg”, ”arm”, hand” is never differentiated in Ukrainian. Their Ukrainian correspondences are the words of generalized meaning…
“The American society was the ideal vehicle for industrialization” “Американське суспільство було ідеальнимсередовищем для проведення індустріалізації” “The first factories were driven by water” “Перші фабрики працювали на воді”
45. Speak on semantic development of meaning.
Semantic (logical) development of meaning (modulation) consists in using contextual correspondences instead of dictionary ones, as a logical result of the development of their notion.
Modulation involves the creation of an equivalent by replacing a unit in SL with TL unit the meaning of which can be logically deduced from it and which is just another way of referring to the same object or an aspect of the same situation.
“Additional evidence comes from comparative studies of living animals and plants” “додаткові докази можна отриматичерез порівняльні дослідження існуючих тварин та рослин” “Only when quantum theory became available in the 20s was it possible to understand more complicated problems” 2Лише коли в 120х роках було опрацьовано квантову теорію, стало можливим розуміння складніших проблем.
The substitute often has a cause –and –effect relationship with the original.