- •1. Outline Comparative Stylistics as a science: object, subject, theory and practice.
- •3. Speak on the functional styles of the English and Ukrainian
- •6. Speak on the Stylistic analysis on the graphic level.
- •7. Specify syntactic stylistic devices.
- •15. Speak on word meaning: the problem of definition, referential and functional approaches to meaning.
- •16. Polysemy and homonymy
- •23. The category of Voice: passive voice in English and Ukrainian
- •26. Specifu the goals of translation.
- •27.Outline the functions of translation.
- •28. Speak on the objectives of the Theory of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •29.Dwell on the earliest mentions of Translation.
- •30.Speak on translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
- •Germany- Albrecht von Eyb (translator of Plautu’s works),Heinrich Steinhowel (translator of Aesop’s and Boccaccio’s works)
- •32. Speak on translation during the period of Classicism and Enlightenment.
- •33.Speak on the epoch of Romanticism and Establishment of the principles of
- •34.Dwell on translation in Ukraine.
- •35. Specifu criteria for translation classification.
- •37.Dwell on genre classification of translation.
- •39.Specify equivalents in translation: the notion of equivalence.
- •4O.Elucidate formal vs. Dynamic equivalence.
- •4 1 .Elucidate referential vs. Functional equivalence.
- •43.Speak on differentiation of meaning.
- •44. Speak on generalization of meaning.
- •45. Speak on semantic development of meaning.
- •46. Speak on antonymic translation.
- •48.Elucidate basic translation devices.
4 1 .Elucidate referential vs. Functional equivalence.
Functionalist approach is a kind of cover term for the research of scholars who argue that the function or purpose of the TT is the most important criterion in any translation. Referential equivalence seeks to reproduce the meaning of the words as symbols which refer to objects, events, abstracts, relations. Implicitly, such an approach is based on the assumption that normally one can imitate syntactic structures and semantic-lexical distributions fairly closely (Hönig 1998: 7).
referential equivalence: the TL text should refer tothe same segment of reality, to the same facts, events and phenomena as the SL text
functional equivalence: the TL text should play the same role in the community of TL readers as the SL text in the community of SL readers (this role may involve transfer of information, provoking certain emotions, appeal, etc.)
Translation equivalence is now defined in terms of the function or purpose which the original text intended to achieve in a specific communicative situation. As the result, the notion of equivalence involves far more complex terms than before. Translators do not just apply linguistic rules, nor is translation a purely linguistic activity. Knowledge and methods from other disciplines, notably psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, communication studies, and even brain-physiology, are integrated into translation studies to describe the goals and activities (cf. Snell-Hornby 1988).
42.Dwell on transformations in translation.
At the sentence level, the most common transformations every translator makes are 1) omission, 2) addition, 3) transposition, 4) change of grammatical forms, 5) loss compensation, 6) concretization, 7) generalization 8) antonymic translation, 9) meaning extension, 10) metonymic translation, 11) sentence integration, and 12) sentence fragmentation. These transformations are caused by differences in the grammar and vocabulary of the source language (SL) and target language (TL). In order to avoid an inadequate, word-for-word translation (grammatical “over-literal rendering”) it is necessary to apply translating grammatical transformations. As a result a literal translation is adapted to the standards of the language of translation and becomes adequate. Under grammar transformation one envisages a change of the grammatical characteristics of a word, word combination or a sentence in a translation.
They differentiate a few grammatical transformations: a transposition or permutation, a replacement or substitution, addition, exclusion, complex transformation, generalization, integral transformation etc. Here are some examples of them cited below. Permutation is a grammatical transformation due to which the word order in a word combination or a sentence changes, e.g:
1. Omission.
2. Addition.
3. Transposition. Transposition involves changing the order of words in the target text (TT) as compared to the Source text (ST).
4. Change of grammatical forms.
5. Loss-of-meaning compensation involves adding to or reinforcing a TT in one place to compensate for something that hasn't been translated in a different place in the ST:
6. Concretization is used when something in the TL is usually expressed using concepts with narrower meaning or when preserving the original concepts with broader meaning would result in an awkward translation:
7. Generalization is used when something in the TL is usually expressed using concepts with broader meaning or when preserving the original concepts with narrower meaning would result in an awkward translation:
8. Antonymic translation involves translating a phrase or clause containing a negation using a phrase or clause that does not contain a negation or vice versa: I don't think you're right. - Я думаю, что вы не правы.
9. Meaning extension or sense development involves translating a cause by its effect or vice versa:
10. Metonymic translation. A metonymic translation is similar to meaning extension.