Germany- Albrecht von Eyb (translator of Plautu’s works),Heinrich Steinhowel (translator of Aesop’s and Boccaccio’s works)

France – Joachim du Bellay (translator of Ovid’s poems)-new free/unrestricted freedom of translation, Etienne Dolet –sense-to-sense translation, Claude Fontaine.

32. Speak on translation during the period of Classicism and Enlightenment.

Despite the official condemnation and even execution of some adherents of the idea of sense-to-sense translation, the controversy between the supporters of these 3 approaches to translating continued all through the period of Classicism and Enlightment.

These approaches were already mentions as follows:

1.The ancient “strict and truthful” word-for-word translation of ecclesiastic( the Septuagint) and philosophic works. The basic principles – in the transl-s of the Bible by Luther and Tyndale.

2.The unrestricted free translation introduced by Horaceand Apuleius, which established strong position in France.

3.the old trend adhering to the Cicero’s principle of regular sense-to-sense translation without the unrestricted reductions or additions to the work in their final translated version.

In the 17-18^th the unchanging of the structure of the original belles-letters texts was demanded from the interpreters.

The English author John Dryden demanded from translators faithfulness to the spirit of the original, it became the motto in the period of classicism and Enlightenment.

German translator and literary critic Ventzky put forward the idea that the translated belles-letters works “should seem to the readers to be born, not made citizens’, principle of adjustment of the source language works to the current readers by way of free, unrestricted sense-to-sense rendering.

The most outspoken defender of free adaptation translation in Germany was Frau Gottsched and her adherents Kruger, Laub and Schlegel. She recommended to modernize and nationalize the foreign author’s works, to change their scenes of events, customs, traditions for the corresponding German customs and traditions. She recommended the use of dialectal material in translation and practiced unrestricted free interpretation of original belles-letters works.

33.Speak on the epoch of Romanticism and Establishment of the principles of

faithful translation in Europe.

In the second half of the 18^th century the controversy between the opponents of the strict word-for-word translation and those who supported the free sense-to-sense translation continued unabated. The most outspoken opponents were Campbell and Tytler in England, Herder and Gothe in Germany.

Herder visited European countries including Ukraine and studied their national folksongs, the most characteristic of which he translated into German. Herder was captivated by the beauty of the national songs of Ukraine. He demanded that all translators of prose and poetic works render strictly, fully and faithfully not only the richness of content, but also the stylistic peculiarities, the artistic beauty and the spirit of the source language works. This new approach, or rather a new principle of truly faithful literary translation, was born during the period of Enlightenment and developed during early Romanticism.

This faithful/realistic principle was not employed in all European countries at once. The free sense-to-sense translation/unrestricted free translation as well as free adaptation continued to be widely employed in Europe in the 1^st half of the 19^th century and even later.