Cfl (context-free language), phoneme, interjection, polysystemism, affixation.

Білет 7. 1. The structural types of English words. In Modern English there are 4 structural types of words depending on the difference of their morphemes.

I. The words consisting of only one root-morpheme are known as simple words (or root words), e.g. man, sky, gem, dean, aim, pear, swig, self, long, short, big, look, sit, stand, see, etc. Simple words predominate in speech communicationA great number of simple words belong to the original English stock or to earlier borrowings, e.g. house, room, work, port, street, table II. The words consisting of a root and one or more affixes are known as derived words (or derivatives), e.g. development, journalist, quickly, friendship, personify

The high percentage of derived words both in language and speech is explained by the activity of derivation or affixation as a word-building device. It has never slackened its productivity beginning with the earlier stages of the development of the English language. III. The words consisting of two or more stems are known as compound words (or compounds), e.g. hothead, pressman, chairperson, godson Words of this structural type are produced by the way of word-building called compounding (or composition). They are formed when a suffix or a prefix is added to a compound word (or a compound stem), e.g. left-hand/ed, left-hand/er, sight-se/er, house-wif/ery. IV. The words in which phrase components are joined together by means of compounding and affixation are known as derivational compounds, e.g. long-legged, broad-shouldered, oval-shaped, fair-haired.

2. Sound-interchange (or sound gradation, or root inflexion) is one of the two non-productive types of word-building in Modern English. The other one is stress-interchange (or change of stress).In English lexical sound-interchange, i.e. the change of a root vowel or a root consonant, or both, used to play a certain role in word-building in the past though it is no longer active now. Among the words formed with the help of sound-interchange we can distinguish 3 groups of words. 1) Words formed by means of vowel interchange, e.g. food > to feed, blood > to bleed, gold > to gild. 2) Words formed by means of both vowel and consonantal interchange, e.g. bath > to bathe, breath > to breathe, life > to live, choice > to choose. 3) Words formed by means of consonantal interchange often accompanied by changes in spelling, e.g. grease– сало, жир > to grease– смазывать (жиром); house> to house 1. поселить; 2. жить (в доме) 3. Вмещать.Stress-interchange (or change of stress, or semantic stress, or morphological stress) is another non-productive type of word-building in Modern English. Change of stress is mostly observed in verb-noun pairs (e.g. ´transport – to trans´port; ´accent – to ac´cent; ´attribute – to att´ribute The difference in stress often appeared after the verb was formed and was not therefore connected with the formation of the new word. It could be brought about by analogy or purely phonetical reasons. Change of stress mostly accompanied either the formation or the borrowing of the word.

CF-rule (context-free rule), morpheme, word-building, fusion, sound.

Білет 8. 1. The morphemic analysis of the word in English.Morphological structure of words can be determined by special synchronic method known as the analysis into immediate and ultimate constituents (ICs and UCs).This method is based on the binary principle. It means that the analysis proceeds in stages, and at each stage the word or a part of it is segmented into immediate constituents. Such successive segmentation results in ultimate constituents that defy any further division, e.g.

a) denationalize (v):

1) denationalize > de/nationalize;

2) nationalize > national/ize;

3) national> nation/al.

2.Back-formation or reversion, by which we mean the derivation of new words, mostly verbs, by means of subtracting a suffix or other element resembling it, is a source of short words in the past and an active process at the present time. Back-formation or reversion may be found in the formation of words belonging to different parts of speech:

a) verbs made from names of agent with the suffixes -er, -or, -our/-eur, -ar, -rd, e.g, broker > broke; wafter > waft (нести, нестись, доносить)

b) verbs made from nouns with the suffix -ing, e.g. kittling > to kittle (детеныш – приносить детенышей); awning > to awn (навес из холста – укрывать навесом)

c) verbs made from nouns with abstract suffixes -ence, -tion, -sion, -is, -y, -ment, -age, -ery, e.g. reminiscence > to reminisce, infraction > to infract (нарушение правила, закона – нарушать правила, закон)

d) verbs made from adjectives, e.g. luminescent > to luminesce (светящийся – светить)

е) nouns made from adjectives, e.g. greedy > greed; nasty >nast; cantankerous (сварливый, придирчивый) > cantanker (сварливость, придирчивость). The process of back-formation may easily be paralleled in other languages. Cf. the Russian: садить > cад; видеть > вид.