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Po (primary object), centrality, backgrounding, preposing, head.

Білет 6. 1. The morphological structure of the English word. The fundamental unit of language is a word. Being the most elementary unity of sound and meaning a word nevertheless falls into smaller meaningful structural units which are called morphemes. Morphemes do not occur as free forms but only as constituents of words. Yet they possess meanings of their own. The notion and the term“morpheme” was suggested by Beaudouin de Courtenay in 1881. From the semantic point of view all morphemes are divided into two large classes: root morphemes (or roots) and affixational morphemes (or affixes). The root is the primary element of the word, its

basic part which conveys its fundamental lexical meaning.

There exist many root morphemes which coincide with root words, e.g. man, son, desk, tree, red, black, see, look, serve

The affixes, in their turn, fall into prefixes which precede the root (e.g. unhappy, rewrite, discover, impossible) and suffixes which follow the root (e.g. friendship, peaceful, worker). The affixes in the above examples are derivational affixes serving to make new words and conveying lexico-grammatical meaning.

It should be mentioned that prefixes in Modern English are always derivational. As for suffixes, they are either inflectional or derivational. Inflectional suffixes (or inflections) are morphemes serving to make different forms of one and the same word and conveying grammatical meaning, e.g. love – loves – loved, live – lives – lived. Inflectional suffixes are studied by grammar.

The part of the word without its inflectional suffix is called a stem. Stems that coincide with roots are known as simple stems, e.g. boy’ s, trees, roads, books. Stems that contain a root and one or more affixes are derived stems, e.g. teacher’s, misfires, governments. Вinary stems comprising two simple or derived stems are called compound stems, e.g. machine-gunner’s, school-boyish.

From the structural point of view morphemes fall into 3 types: free morphemes, bound morphemes and semi-bound morphemes.

A free morpheme can stand alone as a word, e.g. friendly, friendship; boyish, boyhood. So, a free morpheme, is, in fact, a root.

Bound morphemes occur only as constituent parts of words, e.g.

a) depart, enlarge, misprint, dishonest, unhappy;

b) freedom, greatly, poetic, beautiful, greenish;

c) conceive, perceive, deceive, receive; exsist, desist.

Bound morphemes are, in fact, of three types: prefixes, suffixes and bound bases. Bound bases are morphemes which serve as stems for derivation but which never occur as free forms, e.g. structure, construct, destruct.

Semi-bound morphemes can function both as affixes and as free morphemes. E.g. after, half, man, well, self and after-thought, half-baked, chairman, well-known, himself.

Positional variants of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment are called allomorphs. Thus, for instance, the allomorphs of the prefix in- (insane, insensitive) are il- before l (illogical, illegal), im- before bilabials: b, m, p (imbalanced, immobile, impossible,) and ir- before r (irregular).

2. Shortened words are a considerable quantitative gain and as such are useful and practical. The tendency towards shortness is a universal development and has linguistic value of its own in various languages. There exist two main ways of shortening: contraction (or clipping) and abbreviation (or initial shortening).

A) Contraction (or clipping).Contraction is the way of making a new word by means of clipping a full word. One should distinguish between 4 types of contraction.1) Final clipping (back-clipping), or apocope, i.e. clipping, or omission, of the final part of the word, e.g.: doc (<doctor), lab (<laboratory)Back-clippings аге most numerous in Modern English and are characterized by the growing frequency. 2) Initial clipping (or fore-clipping), or apheresis [ ], i.e. clipping or omission of the fore part of the word, e.g. phone (<telephone), plane (<aeroplane)

Medial clipping, or syncope [ ] , i.e. omission of the middle part of the word, e.g. maths (<mathematics), fancy (<fantasy).

Mixed clipping, where the fore and the final pats of the word are clipped, e.g. tec (<detective), flu (<influenza), fridge (<refrigerator).Clipped (or contracted) words do not differ from full words in functioning; they take the plural number and that of the possessive case and make any part of a sentence. Among clippings there are homonyms, so that one and the same sound and graphical complex may represent different words, as vac (vacation), vac (vacuum cleaner); prep (preparation), prep (preparatory school), prep (prepare). Clippings usually have synonyms in literary English, the latter being the corresponding full words. Abbreviation is the way of making a new word from the initial letters of a word group. According to D.I. Kveselevich abbreviations (or initial shortenings) are subdivided into 5 groups:1) Acronyms which are read in accordance with the rules of orthoepy [ ] as though they were ordinary words2) Alphabetic abbreviations in which letters get their full alphabetic pronunciation and a full stress3) Compound abbreviations (or semi-shortenings) in which the first component is a letter (or letters) and the second component is a complete word 4)Graphical abbreviations which are used in texts for economy of space. Graphical abbreviations are signs or symbols that stand for the full words or combinations of words only in written speech. 5)Latin abbreviations which are graphical abbreviations of Latin words and word combinations.

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