Dp (determiner phrase), context-freeness, bondedness, paraphrase, noun.

Білет 5. 1. The place of lexicology among other sciences. Lexicology is connected both with linguistic sciences (phonology, grammar, stylistics and language history) and non-linguistic sciences (philosophy, psychology and history). It is but natural that all branches of linguistics should be organically related. Thus, phonology will always help us in studying the phonetic peculiarities of words that come from other languages; then, again, it is phonology that helps us to explain the appearance of some words alike in form but different in meaning. Lexicology makes use of the information provided by the history of the language. Changes in the word-stock of the language, the appearance and disappearance of certain word-building elements in the process of language development, the productivity of different ways of vocabulary enrichment, etc. may be well followed only on the basis of a profound historical study. A systematic vocabulary description is hardly possible without some information provided by stylistics, which treats of selection among different linguistic forms. The study of the vocabulary leads us to the observation that some words are neutral and colourless in tone, but other words have a distinctly literary or poetic flavour, which may be colloquial, humorous, vulgar, slangy, childish, stilted, technical and so on. Interaction between lexicology and grammar is the most important. Grammatical forms favour the differentiation of meaning of words. The interrelation between vocabulary and grammar is not less characteristic in making new words through conversion which has existed at all stages of the language development and has flourished most in Modern English.

2. Compounding is the type of word-building in which new words are produced by combining two or more stems which occur in the language as free forms. Compounding is not only one of the most ancient ways of enriching the word-stock but it is also one of the three most productive types of word-building in Modern English. Compound words represent one of the most typical and specific features of English word-structure. Compounds are not always easy to distinguish from free word-combinations. In Modern English linguists find it difficult to give criteria of distinguishing between a compound and a word-group. It is still a question of hot dispute.

Compounds may be classified proceeding from different criteria:

a) according to the parts of speech to which they belong; b) according to the means of composition used to link their IC-s; c) according to their semantic characteristics.

1. As parts of speech, compound words fall into 6 groups:

nouns (e.g. blueprint, eyelash, highball, joyride, lily-of-the-valley);

pronouns (e.g. everybody, somebody, nobody, whoever, whosesoever);

adjectives (e.g. two-fold, heavy-duty, cock-sure, snow-white, heart-breaking);

verbs (e.g. overdo – заходить слишком далеко, underestimate, out-stay, side- step – уступить дорогу);

adverbs (e.g. posthaste, alongside, however, nevertheless, whenever, wherein).

prepositions (e.g. into, onto, unto, upon);

conjunctions (e.g. wherever, whereas, whenever, nevertheless, whereupon). Most compounds in English belong to nouns and adjectives. Compound verbs are less frequent. Compound adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions and prepositions are rather rare.

2. The classification of compounds according to the means of joining their IC-s together distinguishes between the following structural types:

1) Juxtapositional or neutral compounds whose IC-s are merely placed one after another, e.g.: classroom, heartache, rainbow; absent-minded, blue-eyed, This structural type is subdivided into 3 subtypes: a) simple neutral compounds (e.g. heartache, bluebell); b) derivational compounds (e.g. absent-minded, hot-headed); c) contracted compounds (e.g. V-day, T-shirt).

2) Morphological compounds whose IC-s are joined together with a vowel or a consonant as a linking element, e.g. Anglo-Saxon, Franco-Prussian, gasometer, electromotive, handicraft, sportsman, saleswoman.

3) Syntactic compounds which are the result of the process of semantic isolation and structural integration of free word-groups, i.e. these words are formed from segments of speech preserving articles, prepositions, adverbs, etc. E.g.: forget-me-not, good-for-nothing, man-of-war (военный корабль), pick-me-up, milk-and-water (безвкусный; безвольный),

It should be mentioned that not all the structural types of compounds are equally productive. The morphological compounds are the least productive while the syntactic compounds are more active and the juxtapositional compounds seem to be most productive of all.

3. From the semantic point of view all compounds fall into two groups of unequal size: idiomatic and non-idiomatic. The meaning of non-idiomatic compounds is easily understood from the meanings of their IC-s, e.g. bedroom, dining-room, bookshelf, raincoat, blood-pressure, plum-pudding, apple-tree, sunlight, dancing-hall, sleeping-car, evening-gown. Non-idiomatic compounds are numerous in Modern English. Idiomatic compounds are those in which the meaning of the unit cannot be understood from the meaning of its IC-s, i.e. the key to the meaning of a compound seems to have been irretrievably (невосполнимо, непоправимо) lost, e.g. buttercup (лютик), chatter-box (болтун), ladybird (божья коровка), tallboy (комод), lady-killer (сердцеед, ловелас), Idiomatic compounds are not numerous in Modern English.