- •The main tasks of lexicology are to determine:
- •Circumfix, bound, ambiposition, a-binding, blending
- •The main tasks of lexicology are to determine:
- •Circumposition, back-formation, infix, a-position, ap (adjective phrase).
- •Dp (determiner phrase), context-freeness, bondedness, paraphrase, noun.
- •Po (primary object), centrality, backgrounding, preposing, head.
- •Cfl (context-free language), phoneme, interjection, polysystemism, affixation.
- •Cross-categorization, context-sensitive (grammar), Anglo-Saxon, cranberry (morpheme), item-and-arrangement.
- •Tal (tree-adjoining language), stress-interchange, extraposition, context, unit.
- •2. Romanic borrowings in the English vocabulary.
- •1) Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect. There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings.
- •2. Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation. The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors:
- •Anglo-Catholic, reference-dominated (language), centre-embedding, double-object (construction), role-and-reference (grammar).
- •Slavic borrowings
- •Franco-Belgian, switch-reference (systems), context-sensitive (phrase), null-subject (parameter), slot-and-filler (approach).
- •Priority-to-the-instance (principle), Anglo-Saxon, context-sensitive (rule), object-initial (language), principles-and-parameters.
Franco-Belgian, switch-reference (systems), context-sensitive (phrase), null-subject (parameter), slot-and-filler (approach).
Білет 15. 1. Conversion or affixless derivation in the system of word-building. The problem of existing of conversion in Old English is a very contradictional one.
Modern English vocabulary is exceedingly rich in conversional pairs. As the way of forming new words conversion is extremely productive and new conversion pairs make their appearance in fiction, newspaper articles, in the process of oral communication
Conversion is non-affixal, morphological-syntactical way of word-building which leads to the morphological, lexical, semantic and syntactic changes of a derived word.
There are 5 patterns of conversion:
l. Noun > Verb (display, n > display, v; pin, n > pin, v; brake, n > brake, v);
2. Verb > Noun (slip, v > slip, n; call, v >call, n; walk, v > walk, n);
3. Noun >Adjective (lemon, n >lemon, adj; ice, n > ice, adj; nut, n > nut, adj);
4. Adjective >Verb (dull, adj > dull, v; narrow, adj >narrow, v; cool, adj > cool, v); 5. Adjective > Noun (tall, adj > tall, n; rich, adj > rich, n; dear, adj > dear, n).
Conversion is especially productive in the formation of verbs; it is, as a matter of fact, the principal way of forming verbs in Modern English.
There are two types of conversion: complete (a word is included in a new paradigm and is characterized by new grammatical categories, accepts another syntactic function and a new lexical-grammatical meaning) and partial (at first a noun is formed by conversion from a verbal stem, and then this noun is combined with such verbs as: give, make, have, take and a few others to form a verbal phrase: to have a smoke; to take a walk; to give a ride)
The structural classification includes the following types of stems:
Simple (non-derivating) stems consisting of only one root morpheme which is indivisible (a key, a mask, a glass, a mop, a wall);
Affixal (derivative) stems consisting of a root morpheme and one or more affixal morphemes (a telegraph, a volunteer);
Compound stems consisting of two or more simple stems (side-track, v; lushcarpet, v);
Abbreviation stems (V-8, UN).
Nevertheless there are factors which limit the productivity of conversion. They are:
1) The lexical meaning of the stem. In English there are verbs like sit from which converted nouns can’t be formed because an action denoted by the verb can’t be regarded as a number of single actions;
2) The structural peculiarities of the word. They can be explained by etymology and the main point is that units converted from compounds and acronyms are very rare.
3) The social need for a converted unit, i. e. the creation of a new word due to the language needs of social groups.
2. Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation. The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors:
a) from what group of languages the word was borrowed (if the word belongs to the same group of languages to which the borrowing language belongs it is assimilated easier),
b) in what way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form (words borrowed orally are assimilated quicker),
c) how often the borrowing is used in the language (the greater the frequency of its usage, the quicker it is assimilated),
d) how long the word lives in the language (the longer it lives, the more assimilated it is).
Accordingly borrowings are subdivided into: completely assimilated, partly assimilated and non-assimilated (barbarisms).
Completely assimilated borrowings are not felt as foreign words in the language, c.f. the French word sport and the native word start.
Semantic assimilation of borrowed words depends on the words existing in the borrowing language.
Partly assimilated borrowings are subdivided into the following groups:
a) borrowings non-assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed
b) borrowings non-assimilated grammatically, e.g. nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek retain their plural forms
c) borrowings non-assimilated phonetically.
d) borrowings can be partly assimilated graphically
Latin borrowings retain their polysyllabic structure, have double consonants, as a rule, the final consonant of the prefix is assimilated with the initial consonant of the stem (accompany, affirmative).