19 Grammar structure of oe.

Noun and its grammatical categories

Synthetic: inflections, gram endings; Nominal parts: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral (number, case, gender, defineteness, degrees of comparison) Verbal (tense, mood, number, person); Wif neuter gender

20 Declension of nouns (oe). A-stem declension and its traces in oe

Was based on number of distinctions: stem-suffix; gender; phonetic structure of the word, phon changes in final syllables; stan stanes stane; stanas stana stanum; -s ‘s

21 The oe adjective

All categ, instrumental case (attrib to a noun in dative case)

Each adjective could be declined weak or strong. The adjective is declined weak if the noun it refers to has a demonstrative or possessive pronoun attached to it, otherwise it is declined strong. The suffixes forming degrees of comparison were –ra and –ost. earm – earmra – earmost. Some adjectives form their comparatives in the suppletive way: god – betera – betst. When used predicatevely has stong form (blind blindes blindum blindne blinde), attributively – weak(blinda blindan);

22 The adverb in oe

1. –E. Fæst (fast) – fæste

This suffix originally was the inflection of the Acc. singular of the adjectives. In the similar way adverbs were formed from adjectives in –lic. heard – heardlice. Adverbs were also formed from some cases of the noun. Thus, for instance, Genetive singular: dæges (by day) Dative plural: wundrum (wonderfully)

23 The oe numeral

The OE system of numerals is based on the decimal system (десятична система) with some reflexes of the former duo-decimal system (12-тична система). These reflexes (залишки) are as follows: the formation of the numerals from 1 to 12, the decades fell into 2 groups:ān twēgen þrīe, þreo fēower fif siex siofan eahta nigon, tiene 13 – 9 tīene: 14 – feowertīene 20 – 60 tig 70 – 120 prefix hund suffix tig Ordinal Numerals þa, ta

24 Oe pronouns

Ic min me mec,me; wit uncer unc uncit; thu thin the thec,the

Demonstr: se(masc) thet(n) seo(f) (pl)

26 Preterit – Present Verbs

Originally they belonged to strong verbs and formed their Past Tense by the change of the root vowel: wrītan (know) – wāt – wiste But in the course of time the Past Tense form acquired the meaning of the Present (wāt – знаю). So they have features of both strong and weak verbs (dental suffix and vowel interchange in the root). Most of these verbs have modal meaning. Anomalous Verbs: wesan, bēon, gān, dōn.

27 Oe Syntax

In Germanic the order of sentence elements was usually SOV ( the subject – the verb – the object)

the word order of sentence elements in OE is mixed; there was a tendency to put the verb in second position: SVO order; except that when an adverbial modifier came at the beginning of a sentence; in subordinate clauses the verb was commonly placed at the end of the clause. Multiple Negation ne, naht noht

28 Oe Vocabulary

A.I. Smirnitsky, M. Pei think that the total vocabulary of OE range from 30 thousand to 100 thousand. The three main layers in the native OE words are: common IE words (mere, sittan) common Germanic words (Semantically these words are connected with nature, sea and everyday life hand, findan) specifically OE words (wifman, clipian) Borrowings: celtic (exe,usk,avon), latin (mynet, pund)