7, Stylistic functions of literary word

Literary words of the English language can be classified into the following groups : poetic diction , archaic words , barbarisms , foreign words , bookish words .

1)Poetic diction

Poetic words constitute the highest level of the scale .every poetic word pertains to the uppermost part of the scheme . it demonstrates the maximum of aesthetic value .Poetic words form a rather insignificant layer of the special literary vocabulary. They are mostly archaic or very rarely of the special literary words , which aim at producing an elevated effect .

In modern English poetry there is a strong tendency to use words in strange combinations. It manifests itself in the coinage of new words , and most of all , in combining old and familiar words in a way that hinders understanding and forces the reader to stop and try to decipher the message so encoded.

Their main function is to mark the text in which they are usage as poetic , thus distinguishing it form non- fiction texts . In modern poetry such are seldom used . Their stylistic meaning gets more vivid when they are contrasted to neural words .

2) Archaic words

These words are no longer in everyday use or have lost a particular meaning in current usage but are sometimes used to impart an old-fashioned flavour to historical novels, for example, or in standard conversation or writing just for a humorous effect. Some, such as with gentle, the sense of which is preserved in gentleman. Some, such as learn and let, now mean the opposite of their former use.

3)Historical words

Historical words are associated stages in the development of society and can not be neglected , though the things and phenomena to which they refer no longer exist . Historical words (yeoman , thane , goblet ) have no synonyms as compared to archaic words which may be replaced by their modern synonyms . Historical words create the effect of antiquity , providing a true – to – life historical background and reminding the reader of past habits .

4) Barbarisms and foreign words

Barbarisms and foreign words. They are words of foreign origin which have not entirely being assimilated into the English language.

Barbarisms are words which have already became facts of the English language. They are part of the literary vocabulary stock.

Though they remain on the outskirts of the literary vocabulary.

Foreign words. Though used for certain stylistic purpose do not belong to the English vocabulary. They are not given by English dictionaries.

Barbarisms and Foreign words are used in various styles of writing but are most often to be found in the style of belles-letter and in publicist style.

5)Exotic Words

Exotic words are borrowed foreign words denoting objects characteristic of a certain country (canzonet, matador )/ They no have synonyms in the language -borrowed .

6 )Bookish words

This words traditionally referred to as bookish occupy ,as a matter of fact , the whole of the upper part of the stylistic scale ; some of them are only slightly above the neutral sphere; other belong to the media sphere . many bookish words are excessively high-flown . In official usage , they mark the text as belonging to this or that style of written speech , but when used in colloquial speech or in informal situations, they may creat a comical form .

14.

Expressive Means

According to classification of stylistic syntax performed by Ukrainian stylisits AN. Morokhovsky and 0.P.Vorobyova neutral syntactical pattem can be transformed stylistically 3 groups :

1)EM based on the reduction of sentence structure :

Elipsis

The term 'elliptical sentence implies absence of one or both principal parts (the subject, the predicate). The missing parts are either present in the syntactic environment of the sentence context), or they are implied by the situation. Elliptical sentences are widely employed in conversational English and Ukraine for emphasizing some facts or given speech characteristics.

Aposiopesis

Aposiopesis or break of speech is extensively illustrated Eng. And Ukr. Syntax. The main function of aposiopesis is show that the thought is not completed which can be caused by external reasons such as sudden change of circumstances or by internal reasons such as the speakers unwillingness or unability to finish the conversation .

Nominative sentences

Nominative sentences are one member verbless sentences . They are widly used in Eng and Ukr for preliminary descriptions which introduce situation to the reader. The main function of nominative sentences in contrasted languages is to acquaint the reader with the background or the place of action.

Asyndeton

Asyndeton is a deliberate avoidance of conjunction used to connect sentences ,clauses , or words. In indicates tense , energetic , organized activities or show a succession of immediately following each other actions. Asyndeton helps to give a laconic and at the same time a detailed introduction into the action proper.

2)Em based on the redundancy of sentence structure :

Repetition

The main function of the repetition is to stress the certain parts of the sentence. There are various types of repetition such as ordinary repetition , framing repetition , catch repetition and chain repetition .

Enumeration

Enumeration is more widely used in contrasted languages variety of repetition . Enumeration means the repetition of homogeneous parts of the sentence .

Syntactical tautology

Syntactical tautology is a superfluous repetition of semantically identical words or phrase to lay stress on a certain part of the sentence .

Polysyndeton

Polysyndeton is a repetition of conjunction in close succession which are used to connect sentences, clauses , or words. The main function of polysyndeton in Eng. And Ukr is to make the utterance more rhythmical .

Emphatic constructions

Emphatic constructions may intensify or contrast any part of the sentence , giving it an emotive charge . In contrasted languages emphatic constructions can be classified into subject , predicate , object and adverbial modifier intensifiers.

Parenthetical clauses

Parenthetical clauses are sentences or phrases inserted into a syntactical structure without being grammatically connected with it. Parenthetical elements comprising additional information seem to be a kind of protest against the linear character of the text :the language user interrupts himself trying in vain to say two things at once .

3)EM based on the violation of the word-order

Inversions

Inversions is the violation of the fixed word order within an Eng sentence

Separation and syntactical split

Separation is the splitting of a noun phrase by the attribute adjunct which is removed from the word is modifies . Stylistically , syntactical split is used to emphasize the phrase , which has separated .

Detachment

Detachment is a separation of a secondary part of the sentence with the aim of emphasizing it . Through detachment secondary members of the sentence acquire independent stress and intonation which leads to their emphatic intensification .