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- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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- •Variant – 9
- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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- •Global Warming
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- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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Variant – 5
Pedosphere (a soil cover) as a part of biosphere
Phedosphere
The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον pedon "soil" or "earth" and σφαίρα sfaíra "sphere") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The sum total of all the organisms, soils, water and air is termed as the "pedosphere". The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of life on this planet. There is a realization that the pedosphere needs to be distinctly recognized as a dynamic interface of all terrestrial ecosystems and be integrated into the Earth System Science knowledge base. Also, the pedosphere needs to be studied, valued, enhanced and treated in a sustainable and an ethical manner.
The pedosphere acts as the mediator of chemical and biogeochemical flux into and out of these respective systems and is made up of gaseous, mineralic, fluid and biologic components. The pedosphere lies within the Critical Zone, a broader interface that includes vegetation, pedosphere, groundwater aquifer systems, regolith and finally ends at some depth in the bedrock where the biosphere and hydrosphere cease to make significant changes to the chemistry at depth. As part of the larger global system, any particular environment in which soil forms is influenced solely by its geographic position on the globe as climatic, geologic, biologic and anthropogenic changes occur with changes inlongitude and latitude.
The structural organization of ecosystem
The structure of ecosystem
From the point of view of trophic structure ecosystem is divided into two circles – autotrophic and heterotrophic (Odum, 1986).
1. The top autotrophic circle, or «a green belt» is a circle of plants or their parts containing a chlorophyll where fixing of light energy, use of simple inorganic compounds and accumulation of complex organic compounds prevail.
2) The bottom heterotrophic circle, or «a brown belt» is a circle of soil and the precipitation, decompositing substances, roots and etc. in which use, transformation and decomposition of complex compounds prevail.
From the biological point of view in structure of ecosystem there are following components (Odum, 1986):
1) inorganic substances;
2) organic compounds;
3) air, water and substrate medium;
4) producers;
5) macroconsumers;
6) microconsumers.
1. Producers are the autotrophic organisms, which are capable to produce organic substances from inorganic, using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (plants and autotrophic bacteria).
2. Consumers (macroconsumers) are the heterotrophic organisms consuming organic substance of producers or others consumers (animals, heterotrophic plants, some microorganisms). There are consumers of the first order and the second order.
3. Reducers (microconsumers, destructors) are the heterotrophic organisms, eating fossils and decomposing them to mineral substances (saprotrophic bacteria and mushrooms).
As a rule, in any ecosystem it is possible to note three functional groups of organisms: producers, consumers and reducers. In ecosystems formed only by microorganisms, consumers are absent. Each group consists of set of the populations occupying ecosystem.
In ecosystem, food and power bonds proceed in a line: producers->consumers-> reducers.
Frequency of equilocal genes
Genetic structure is a relationship of various genotypes and equilocal genes in the community. Totality of genes of all community species is called genofund. The genofund is characterized with frequencies of equilocal genes and genotypes. Frequency of equilocal genes is its share in all totality of equilocal genes of the given gene. The sum of frequencies of all equilocal genes is equal to unit.
According to Hard-Vainberg law, relative frequencies of equilocal genes in population are remained constant from generation to generation. Hard-Vainberg law is fair, if following conditions are observed: 1) the population is great; 2) in community free interbreeding is carried out; 3) there is no selection; 4) there are no new mutations; 5) there is no migration of new genotypes in community or from community.
The long and directed change of genetic structure of community, its genofund is called the elementary evolutionary phenomenon. Without change of the community genofund, evolutionary process is impossible.
The factors changing genetic structure of community are following:
1) Mutation is a source of new equilocal genes appearance;
2) Unequal capable of living of species (species are subjected to action of selection);
3) Not casual interbreeding;
4) Drift of genes is a change of equilocal genes frequency, which are casual and independent of selection action (for example, flashes of diseases);
5) Migrations are outflow of available genes and (or) inflow new ones