- •Variant – 1
- •Variant – 2
- •Variant – 3
- •Variant – 4
- •Variant – 5
- •Variant – 6
- •Variant – 7
- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
- •Variant – 8
- •Variant – 9
- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
- •Variant – 10
- •Variant – 11
- •Variant – 12
- •Variant – 13
- •Variant – 14
- •Variant –15
- •Variant – 16
- •Variant – 17
- •Variant – 18
- •Variant – 19
- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
- •Variant – 20
- •Variant – 21
- •Global Warming
- •Variant – 22
- •Variant – 23
- •Variant – 24
- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
- •Variant – 25
- •Variant – 26
- •Variant – 27
- •Variant – 28
- •Variant – 29
- •Variant –30
Variant – 4
Dynamic parameters of a population: birth rate, death rate, growth rate of the population.
Dynamic parameters of community reflect the processes proceeding in the community for certain time interval. The basic parameters from them: birth rate, death rate, growth rate of the community.
Birth rate is a number of the new species who have appeared in the community for a time unit in the result of breeding.
There are the maximal and actual birth rates.
Death rate (velocity of the death rate) is a number of the species who have lost in the community for a time unit (from predators, illnesses, an old age and other reasons). Death rate is a size return to the birth rate.
There are the minimal and actual death rates.
Rate of a growth community is a change of the community number in unit of time. Rate of a growth community can be positive, zero and negative. It depends on parameters of birth rate, death rate and migration (immigrations and emigrations). The rise (profit) of number occurs in the result of the birth rate and immigration of species, and reduction (loss) of number is in the result of the death rate and emigration of species.
Global pollution by mercury. Minamata disease.
Minamata disease sometimes referred to as Chisso-Minamata disease, is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision, and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases,insanity, paralysis, coma, and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms. A congenital form of the disease can also affectfoetuses in the womb.
Minamata disease was first discovered in Minamata city in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, in 1956. It was caused by the release ofmethylmercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation's chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968. This highly toxic chemical bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea, which, when eaten by the local populace, resulted in mercury poisoning. While cat, dog, pig, and human deaths continued for 36 years, the government and company did little to prevent the pollution. The animal effects were severe enough in cats that they came to be called "dancing cat fever."[1]
As of March 2001, 2,265 victims had been officially recognised (1,784 of whom had died)[2] and over 10,000 had received financial compensation from Chisso.[3] By 2004, Chisso Corporation had paid $86 million in compensation, and in the same year was ordered to clean up its contamination.[4] On March 29, 2010, a settlement was reached to compensate as-yet uncertified victims.[5]
A second outbreak of Minamata disease occurred in Niigata Prefecture in 1965. The original Minamata disease and Niigata Minamata disease are considered two of the Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan.
Genetic structure
Genetic structure is a relationship of various genotypes and equilocal genes in the community. Totality of genes of all community species is called genofund. The genofund is characterized with frequencies of equilocal genes and genotypes. Frequency of equilocal genes is its share in all totality of equilocal genes of the given gene. The sum of frequencies of all equilocal genes is equal to unit.
According to Hard-Vainberg law, relative frequencies of equilocal genes in population are remained constant from generation to generation. Hard-Vainberg law is fair, if following conditions are observed: 1) the population is great; 2) in community free interbreeding is carried out; 3) there is no selection; 4) there are no new mutations; 5) there is no migration of new genotypes in community or from community.
The long and directed change of genetic structure of community, its genofund is called the elementary evolutionary phenomenon. Without change of the community genofund, evolutionary process is impossible.
The factors changing genetic structure of community are following:
1) Mutation is a source of new equilocal genes appearance;
2) Unequal capable of living of species (species are subjected to action of selection);
3) Not casual interbreeding;
4) Drift of genes is a change of equilocal genes frequency, which are casual and independent of selection action (for example, flashes of diseases);
5) Migrations are outflow of available genes and (or) inflow new ones