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- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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- •Global Warming
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Biological production (efficiency) of ecosystem
The gain of a biomass in the ecosystem, created for a time unit, is called biological production (efficiency). There are primary and secondary productions of community.
Primary production is a biomass created by producers for a time unit. It is divided into total and pure productions. Total primary production (the general assimilation) is the general biomass created by plants during photosynthesis. Its part is discharged for maintenance of ability to live of plants (expenses for breath (40-70 %). The remained part makes up pure primary production (pure assimilation) which in the further is used by consumers and reducers, or it is collected in the ecosystem.
Secondary production is a biomass created by consumers for a time unit. It is various for each following trophic level.
The weight of organisms of the certain group (producers, consumers, reducers) or communities as a whole is called a biomass. Tropical rain woods posses the highest biomass and efficiency, and the lowest is desert and tundra (tab. 8).
If velocity of the plants growth (formation of the primary production) in the ecosystem is above rates of its processing by consumers and reducers it results in increase of producer biomass. If recycling of products decomposition in chain of decomposition is insufficient an accumulation of dead organic substance proceeds. It results in peatining bogs, in formation of a powerful wood laying, etc. In stable ecosystems the biomass remains constant as practically all production is spent in the food chains.
Biocenosis, biotope and biogeocenosis.
Biocenosis is a group of communities of the different species living in the certain territory. Biotope is the certain territory with the abiotic factors of an inhabitancy (a climate, soil). Biogeocenosis is a totality of biocenosis and biotope.
Types of communications and mutual relations between organisms. Parasitism.
Types of relations between organisms. Influence of one species on another can be positive, negative and neutral. Thus different combinations of types of influence are possible. There are neutralism, mutualism, commensalism, predatoriness, parasitism, a competition, amensalism.
Parasitism. In this association one organism [the parasite] benefits and the other [the host] is adversely affected [weakened, sickened, damaged etc]. This description would also fit the relationship between a carnivore and its live prey and a herbivore and the plant it feeds on, especially if they are very specialized in the food they eat. We normally define parasites as organisms which cannot survive without their host and have special modifications to their body or their life cycle for this association.
A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.