Intonation

is the lan-ge universal because it is presented in every lan-ge in the world and no lan-ge is spoken as monotone but lan-ges are not the same acc. To the type of intonation. It is complex unity of variations in voice speech, rhythm, voice timbre, tempo and pausetion determined by the communicative situation.

Int-on includes: voice pitch, word stress, utterance stress, rhythm.

The role of intonation in speech: auditory level - realization of into in speech. Each syllable of speech has a special pitch coloring. The general function of intonation - is a communicative function. It differentiates informational content, text structure, meaning of lexical units, stylistic functions, attitude, statements\questions\commands etc.

The sense group is a group of words which is semantically and syntactically complex. In Phonetics actualized sense groups are called intonation groups. Intonation patterns containing a number of syllables consist of the following parts:

• the prehead

• the head (the 1^st accented syllable)

• t

  terminal tone

  he scale (begins with the 1^st acc.syll.)

• the nucleus (the last acc.syll.) – is the most important part of the intonation pattern.

• t he tail – conveys no particular information

Intonation Pattern:

Nucleus+ stressed and undressed syllables. Intonation pattern serves to actualize syntagms.

Nucleus: the nucleus (the last acc.syll.) – is the most important part of the intonation pattern. A stressed syllable which has a greater prominence than the others. Generally – the last strongly accented syllable of an intonation pattern. Marks a significant change in pitch direction (distinctly up or down). Nuclear tones: low fall, high fall, low rise, high rise, fall rise, rise fall, rise fall rises.

Rhythm and tempo

Rhythm – a general term, connected with time and space. Realized in lexical, syntactical and prosodic means and their combinations: word repetition, syntactical parallelism, intensification are perceived as rhythmical on lexical, syntactical and prosodic levels.

Type of rhythm depends on the language:

Syllable-timed (French, Spanish, and other Romance lang-s ) - speaker gives equal amount of time to each syllable.

Stress-timed (Germanic lang-s as English, German, Russian.) – rhythm is based on a larger unit than syllable. Stressed syllables are pronounced and equal intervals, no matter how many unstressed syllables are between them.

Tempo – expresses different degrees of importance in utterance, emotional state. Tempo increases when giving highly emotional statements and slows down in less emotional state.

English as Lingua Franca

English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages”.ELF is also “defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to native-speaker norms” whereas English as a foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to native speaker cultural aspects.

English

British-based pronunciation (Br. Eng., Irish Eng, Australian Eng.,New Zealand Eng.)

American-based pronunciation (American Eng.,Canadian Eng.)

Received Pronunciation (RP) is the standard accent of Standard English in England, with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms. RP is defined in theConcise Oxford English Dictionary as "the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England", although it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales.Peter Trudgill estimated in 1974 that 3% of people in Britain were RP speakers.

Faced with the difficulty of defining RP, many writers have tried to distinguish between different sub-varieties. Gimson (1980) proposed Conservative, General, and Advanced; Conservative RP refers to a traditional accent associated with older speakers with certain social backgrounds; General RP is often considered neutral regarding age, occupation, or lifestyle of the speaker; and Advanced RP refers to speech of a younger generation of speakers.

The term Cockney has geographical, social and linguistic associations. Traditionally, it refers to people born within a certain area of London, that is covered by "the sound of Bow bells". Geographically and culturally, it is often used to refer to working-class Londoners, particularly those in the East End. Linguistically, it can refer to the accent and form of English spoken by this group.

Estuary English is a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the River Thames and its estuary. Phonetician John C. Wells defines Estuary English as "Standard English spoken with the accent of the southeast of England".^[1] The name comes from the area around the Thames, particularly its Estuary. Estuary English can be heard in London, Kent, north Surreyand south Essex. Estuary English shares many features with Cockney, and there is some debate among linguists as to where Cockney speech ends and Estuary English begins.

Estuary English is characterised by the following features:

• Non-rhoticity.

• Use of intrusive R: pronouncing an "r" sound when no r is present to prevent consecutive vowel sounds

• A broad A (ɑː) in words such as bath, grass, laugh, etc.

• T glottalization: realising non-initial, most commonly final, /t/ as a glottal stop instead of an alveolar stop, e.g. can't (pronounced/kɑnːʔ/).

• Yod-coalescence, i.e., the use of the affricates [dʒ] and [tʃ] instead of the clusters [dj] and [tj] in words like dune and Tuesday. Thus, these words sound like June and choose day, respectively.

• L-vocalization, i.e., the use of [o], [ʊ], or [ɯ] where RP uses [ɫ] in the final positions or in a final consonant cluster, for examplewhole (pronounced /hoʊ/).

• The wholly–holy split.

• Use of question tags.

• H-dropping, i.e., Dropping [h] in stressed words (e.g. [æʔ] for hat)

• Double negation. However, Estuary English may use never in cases where not would be standard. For example, "he did not" [in reference to a single occasion] might become "he never did".

• Replacement of [ɹ] with [ʋ] is not found in Estuary, and is also very much in decline amongst Cockney speakers.