Контрольная работа № 1 Вариант 3

I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения (a-j), соответствующие существительным:

1) inflation	a) the amount of money paid or charged for goods or services
2) price	b) money received from work done, or from money invested
3) income	c) the amount of money for which something can be bought or sold
4) productivity	d) a continuing increase in the prices of goods or services
5) consumption	e) investing money
6) investment	f) money which is lent
7) costs	g) the state or quality of being productive
8) borrower	h) monetary inflation occurring at very high rate
9) loan	i) a person or organization that borrows money
10) hyperinflation	j) the action of using up a resource

II. В следующих предложениях подчеркните определения, выраженные именем существительным, и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

1) One major type of research project is the survey of test markets.

2) The fee method of agency compensation has become increasingly important.

3) According to Keynes’s approach changes in the national income determine consumption and investment rates.

III. В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) By the middle of the 12^th century, craft guilds had been established in all parts of Western Europe.

2) Our rights to privacy are being eroded by the ability of technology to capture and record personal information.

3) Trade has always been the major force behind the economic relations among nations.

IV. В следующих предложениях подчеркните модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) Other laws might increase the clerical work required of a business.

2) New products will have to be found, new machinery bought and labour force retrained.

3) Sole traders or partneurs could decide to float their business as a company.

V. В следующих предложениях подчеркните Participle 1 и Participle 2 и укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) Interest has to be paid on borrowed funds.

2) The ethical crisis is occurring not only in America but also worldwide.

3) Small business is common in many countries, depending on the economic system in operation.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2.

Kinds of Inflation

1. When the upward trend of prices is gradual and irregular, averaging only a few percentage points each year, such creeping inflation is not considered a serious threat to economic and social progress. It may even stimulate economic activity: The illusion of personal income growth beyond actual productivity may encourage consumption; housing investment may increase in anticipation of future price appreciation; business investment in plants and equipment may accelerate as prices rise more rapidly than costs; and personal, business, and government borrowers realize that loans will be repaid with money that has potentially less purchasing power.

2. A greater concern is the growing pattern of chronic inflation characterized by much higher price increases, at annual rates of 10 to 30 percent in some industrial nations and even 100 percent or more in a few developing countries. Consumers buy goods and services to avoid even higher prices; real estate speculation increases; businesses concentrate on short-term investments.

3. In the most extreme form, chronic price increases become hyperinflation, causing the entire economic system to break down. The hyperinflation that occurred in Germany following World War I, for example, caused the volume of currency in circulation to expand more than 7 billion times and prices to jump 10 billion times during a 16-month period before November 1923. Other hyperinflations occurred in the United States and France in the late 1700s; in the USSR and Austria after World War I; in Hungary, China, and Greece after World War II; and in a few developing nations in recent years.

VII. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1,2,3):

а) истинными (true)

б) ложными (false)

в) в тексте нет информации (no information).

1) To accommodate chronic inflation, normal economic activities are disrupted.

2) Other hyperinflations occurred in China and Japan.

3) A greater concern is the growing pattern of chronic inflation.

VIII. Прочитайте абзац 3 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

Why do consumers buy goods and services during periods of inflation?