- •What forms does the English verb have (sets of forms)? What is the difference in these forms?
- •How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning? Give their definitions.
- •What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “Stative Passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs
- •19. What is the “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •25. Irregular plural noun.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27 What cases deoes the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28 What is the genetive case? How is it formed?
- •29 What nouns can be used in the genetive case?
- •30 What are “participial adjectives”?
- •31 What adjectives have degree of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32 In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •38 Comparative constructions.
- •39 Substantivized adjectives.
- •Adjectives after verbs.
- •What morphological characteristics do adverbs have?
- •What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •Forms of “other”.
- •Expressions of quantity.
- •What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53 What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54 What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of vew of their number or quantity?
- •55 What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56 What may prepositions indicate?
- •57 How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker (writer) and the hearer (reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living beings? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the name of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •92. Gerundial constructions
- •93. The infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the infinitive
- •94. Participial constructions.
- •96. What are the principal grammatical functions of the verbals in the sentence?
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
- •99. The use of the “bare infinitive”
- •3) I didn’t know you were in hospital. If I had known I would have gone to
- •When can we omit “if” in conditional sentences?
- •What do “wish sentences” express? How are they formed? How are they translated into Russian?
- •Using like, as if, as though in sentences. What are they followed by in sentences? Is the idea “true” or “untrue”?
- •118. What are the peculiarities of the modal verbs?
- •119. The modal verb “can”
- •120. The modal verb “may”
- •121. The modal verb “must”
- •122. The verb “need”
- •123. The verb “shall”
- •124. The verb “will”
- •125. Look #123.
- •126. Had better It’s time...
- •It’s time...
92. Gerundial constructions
The gerund forms different complexes, both prepositional and non-prepositional. The noun in these complexes is generally found in the genitive case, sometimes – in the common case, the pronoun, either possessive or personal, - in the objective case. It may be found in all functions in which a gerund or a phrase with a gerund is used.
Peter’s (Peter/His) asking them that question surprised everybody. (gerundial complex used as subject)
Everybody was surprised at Peter’s (Peter/his/him) asking that question. (gerundial complex used as object)
93. The infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the infinitive
The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb.
The infinitive has 3 grammatical categories: order (perfect and non-perfect forms), voice (passive and active), aspect (common and continuous).
The infinitive has multiple functions in the sentence:
subject
object
attribute
part of a compound predicate (nominal, verbal aspect, verbal modal)
adverbial modifier of purpose and comparison
94. Participial constructions.
The Objective Participle Construction
This construction consists of a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the objective case: me, him, her, you, it, them, us) and participle.
In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.
He watched them (girls) working.
Look at the man climbing up the hill.
In the Objective Participle Construction participle indefinite is used
In the next room she could hear her mother being asked
The captain watched the ship being unloaded
The Objective Participle Construction is used after verbs denoting sense perception such as to find, to feel, to hear, to see, etc.
The Objective Participle Construction is used after verbs:
Denoting wish – to want, to wish, to desire (in this case only Participle II is used)
Of mental ability – to consider, to understand, etc.
The verbs to have and to get (in this case only Participle II is used)
I had my hair cut
The Subjective Participle Construction
This construction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception – to see, to hear, to feel, etc.
In this construction mostly Participle I is used
Kate was laughing in the yard
The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction
This construction consists of a noun (in the common case) or a pronoun (in the nominative case) and Participle I or Participle II.
It being very hot, we bought ice-cream.
The construction is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
My little daughter having fallen ill, I had to stay at home
With summer coming, many children go to summer camps
The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction is rendered in Russian by means of an adverbial clause (of time, of cause, of condition, of attendant circumstances) with the help of
Так как, поскольку, ввиду того что, после того как, если, когда (if the construction stands before the main sentence)
This being so, he must stay here for some time. – Поскольку дело обстоит таким образом, он должен остаться здесь на какое-то время
Причем, а, в то время как (if the construction stands at the end of the sentence)
I’ve got two letters, the second being very long. – Я получил два письма, причем второе было очень длинным
There + to be (there is/there are) is used in the Nominative Absolute Participle Construction
There being no answer, she phoned him again. – Так как не было ответа, она позвонила ему снова
Absolute constructions without a participle: in these constructions the second element is an adjective, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb
95. To… and preposition + ing (afraid to do and afraid of –ing, etc.)
1. afraid to (do) and afraid of (do)ing
I’m afraid to do smth = I don’t want to do it because it’s dangerous or the result could be bad. We use afraid to do for things we do intentionally
A lot of people are afraid to go out at night
He was afraid to tell his parents about the broken window
I’m afraid of smth happening = it’s possible that smth bad will happen (for example, an accident). We do not use afraid of –ing for things we do intentionally.
The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling.
I don’t like dogs. I’m always afraid of being bitten.
So, you are afraid to do smth because you are afraid of smth happening as a result
I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.
2. interested to (do) and interested in (do)ing
I’m interested in doing smth = I’m thinking of doing it, I’d like to do it
I’m trying to sell my car but nobody is interested in buying it.
We use interested to especially with hear/see/know/read/learn. I was interested to hear it = I heard it and it was interesting for me
I was interested to hear that Diane has got a new job.
The structure is the same as surprised to/delighted to… etc.
3.sorry to (do) and sorry for (do)ing
We usually say sorry to… to apologize when (or just before) we do smth
I’m sorry to bother you, but I need to talk to you.
We use sorry to (hear/read etc.) to show sympathy with smb
I was sorry to hear that Fiona lost her job
We can use sorry for (doing smth) to apologize for smth you did before
I’m sorry for shouting at you yesterday
4.Note that we say
I want to do/I’d like to do but I’m thinking of doing/I dream of doing
I failed to do but I succeeded in doing
I allowed them to do but I prevented them from doing