- •What forms does the English verb have (sets of forms)? What is the difference in these forms?
- •How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning? Give their definitions.
- •What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “Stative Passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs
- •19. What is the “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •25. Irregular plural noun.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27 What cases deoes the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28 What is the genetive case? How is it formed?
- •29 What nouns can be used in the genetive case?
- •30 What are “participial adjectives”?
- •31 What adjectives have degree of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32 In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •38 Comparative constructions.
- •39 Substantivized adjectives.
- •Adjectives after verbs.
- •What morphological characteristics do adverbs have?
- •What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •Forms of “other”.
- •Expressions of quantity.
- •What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53 What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54 What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of vew of their number or quantity?
- •55 What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56 What may prepositions indicate?
- •57 How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker (writer) and the hearer (reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living beings? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the name of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •92. Gerundial constructions
- •93. The infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the infinitive
- •94. Participial constructions.
- •96. What are the principal grammatical functions of the verbals in the sentence?
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
- •99. The use of the “bare infinitive”
- •3) I didn’t know you were in hospital. If I had known I would have gone to
- •When can we omit “if” in conditional sentences?
- •What do “wish sentences” express? How are they formed? How are they translated into Russian?
- •Using like, as if, as though in sentences. What are they followed by in sentences? Is the idea “true” or “untrue”?
- •118. What are the peculiarities of the modal verbs?
- •119. The modal verb “can”
- •120. The modal verb “may”
- •121. The modal verb “must”
- •122. The verb “need”
- •123. The verb “shall”
- •124. The verb “will”
- •125. Look #123.
- •126. Had better It’s time...
- •It’s time...
What forms does the English verb have (sets of forms)? What is the difference in these forms?
The English verb has 2 sets of forms: the finite forms and the non-finite forms (verbals): the infinitive, the gerund and the participle.
Finite forms:
have 7 grammatical categories (person, number, aspect, tense, order, voice, mood)
are always used in the sentence as predicate or part of a predicate (simple or compound)
Non-finite forms:
have grammatical categories of order and voice (the infinitive, the gerund, the participle 1) + aspect (the infinitive)
have multiple functions in the sentence: subject, object, attribute, part of a compound predicate (nominal, verbal aspect, verbal modal), adverbial modifier (of time, cause, purpose, manner, attendant circumstances, condition, concession, comparison)
How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning? Give their definitions.
In accordance with the volume of their lexical meaning the verbs may be subdivided into notional verbs – verbs having an independent lexical meaning, semi-notional verbs – verbs which have a very general lexical meaning, which needs specification in the context (modal, aspective and link verbs), auxiliary verbs – verbs which have no independent lexical meaning whatsoever.
What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
Dynamic verbs denote activities which presuppose a certain natural termination of the activity – terminative verbs. Other verbs denote activities which do not presuppose any definite natural termination – non-terminative verbs. Stative verbs are naturally always non-terminative.
Some notional verbs denote activities which involve not only the doer of the action, but also its object or addressee – transitive verbs. Other notional verbs denote activities which do not necessarily presuppose any object or addressee – intransitive verbs.
What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
The finite forms of the verb have 7 grammatical categories: person (first, second, third), number (singular or plural), aspect (continuous or common), tense (present, past or future), order (perfect or non-perfect), voice (active or passive), mood (indicative, imperative or subjunctive).
To express the grammatical the verb uses synthetic or analytical forms. Synthetic forms mainly employ endings. Thus, for example, to form 3rd person from the 1st you can use the ending ”-s”; to form the past tense from the present – the ending “-d” or “-ed”.
More often, however, English verb forms are built up analytically – with the help of one (or more) auxiliary verbs.
What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
The choice between the forms is determined by the way the action is presented in the context, the following factors being of major importance here:
Number of enumerated actions (a single action or a chain of successive actions).
Frequency of the last action (done once or repeatedly, permanently)
Presence of an exact indication of time (exactly indicated or not)
“Character” of the action (completed or not completed at the time event)
When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
Future events:
It is obligatory in clauses of time or condition
It is possible
to indicate that the event is going to take place in the nearest future
Past events:
It is possible for giving a more vivid description of a past situation in past time contexts
Different ways of expressing future time.
Future tense
Be going to
Present tense
What does the grammatical category of voice indicate? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
Voice is the grammatical category of the verb which shows the relation between the doer of the action and the action, or the object and the addressee of the action and the action
There are 2 voices in English: the active voice and the passive voice.
How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
Formation: be (is/was/have been etc.) + the past participle
Types of translation:
With the verb “быть” + short form of the participle (дом построен, дом был построен, дом будет построен).
With the verbs ending on –ся (дом строится, дом строился, дом будет строиться)
неопределенно-личным оборотом (дом строят, дом строили, дом будут строить)
What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
There are 2 main types of passive constructions in English: the non-prepositional passive construction (is formed by verbs for which a prepositional object is not obligatory; the subject of the sentence in this case corresponds to the direct or indirect object of the active construction) and the prepositional passive construction (is formed from verbs for which a prepositional object is obligatory; the subject of the sentence in this case corresponds to the prepositional object of the active construction).