Assimilation of Loan Words

Assimilation of a loan word is a partial or total conformation to the phonetic, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system. The degree of assimilation depends upon:

1) the length of period during which the word has been used in the receiving language;

2) its importance for communication purpose;

3) its frequency.

The degree of assimilation of loan words - 3 groups:

 completely assimilated loan words;

 partially assimilated loan words;

 non-assimilated loan words or barbarisms.

Latin borrowings: cheese, street, wall, wine. Scandinavian loan words: husband, fellow gate, root, call, die, take, want, happy, ill, add, wrong. French: table, chair, fall, figure, finish, matter.

Completely assimilated words follow all morphological, phonetic and orthographic standards of English.

Partly assimilated words:

1. Loan words not assimilated semantically because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from which they come: sari, sombrero, shah, rickshaw;

2. Words not assimilated grammatically (nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek, which keep their original plural forms: bacillus – bacilli, crisis – crises, phenomenon – phenomena;

3. Loan words not completely assimilated phonetically: machine, cartoon, police, regime, bourgeois;

4. Loan words not completely assimilated graphically. This group is large and variegated: ballet, buffet, café.

Barbarism is a word borrowed without any change in form: habeas, corpus, alibi, de-facto.

Etymological Doublets

Etymological doublets [d˄blits] are two words of the same language which were derived from different roots from the same basic words.

Latin – French

abbreviate( Lat.) (сокращать слова) – abridge (Lat.) (сокращать рассказы)

canal (Lat.) - channel (Fr.)

captain (Lat.) - chieftan ( Fr.)

cart (Lat.) – chart ( Fr.)

Scandinavian – English

screw (Sc.) (винт) – shrew (Eng.) (сварливая тётушка)

skirt (Sc.) – shirt ( Eng.)

major (Lat.) – mayor (Fr.)

International Words

Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous borrowings from one and the same source are called international words.

control – контроль, general – генерал, industry – индустрия

We find numerous English words in the field of sports: football, match, time, pullover, sweater film, club, cocktail, jazz;

Words of international currency borrowed from Russian have spread all over the world: soviet, sputnik, kolkhoz, perestroika, glasnost.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ  по темам «Этимология словарного состава английского языка» и «Заимствования в английском языке» (Семинар 4)

1. Определите этимологический источник следующих английских слов: Husband, kitchen, bourgeois, major, sky, street, druid, bishop, pupil, piano, they, army, saucer, pear, technique, colonel, mosquito, daughter, intelligent, familiar, chef, potato, kindergarten, cradle, mayonnaise, cordial, arm, gay, skirt, commence, paternal, heart. 2. Определите тип заимствования (прямое/ фонетическое заимствование;лексическая калька; семантическое заимствование): Collective farm, sputnik, primadonna, travel, pioneer (в значении «член детскойкоммунистической организации»), Fifth Column, pipe of peace, dwell, Blackfoot, balalaika, dream, courage, cape (в значении «плащ матадора»). 3. Определите степень ассимиляции следующих заимствований: Operate, rouble, alumnus, ballet, corps, criterion, hors d’œvre, beet, uncle, take, café, formula, señor, lesson, coup d’etat. 4. Прокомментируйте следующие этимологические дублеты: Shirt/ skirt, canal/ channel; corps/ corpse.

Заимствование -а borrowed word is a word taken from another language and modified in phonetic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.

Калька – a loan translation - A form of borrowing from one language to another whereby the semantic components of a given term are literally translated into their equivalents in the borrowing language. English superman, for example, is a loan translation from German Übermensch. Also calledcalque.

Семантическое заимствование - semantic loan is used to denote the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language. “Dwell” – “to wander about” (under the influence of Scandinavian - “to live”).

Этнимологический дублет - Etymological doublets [d˄blits] are two words of the same language which were derived from different roots from the same basic words. Latin – French -abbreviate( Lat.) (сокращать слова) – abridge (Lat.) (сокращать рассказы)

Аббревиация - An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr.,abbrv. or abbrev.

Редуплиция - Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change

Конверсия - conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green.

Словосложение – composition - The formation of compounds from separate words

Словослияние - A portmanteau or portmanteau word is a combination of two (or more) words or morphemes, and their definitions, into one new word. The word comes from the English portmanteau luggage (a piece of luggage with two compartments), itself derived from the French porter (to carry) and manteau (coat), which is a false friend of the French compound word porte-manteau meaning coat rack.

Гибрид – hybrid – a word composed of elements originally – drawn from different languages, as television, whose components come from Greek and Latin.

Ассимилированное заимствование (частично ассимилириованное заимствование) - Assimilation of a loan word is a partial or total conformation to the phonetic, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.

Ассимиляция - assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. This can occur either within a word or between words.

Интернационализм – word of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous borrowings from one and the same source are called international words