Вправи:
Опишіть дію кожної сили.
Доповніть наступні речення:
The lift and the drag are called...
The balance of the lift and the weight leads to the fact that the plane...
At the time of takeoff, the engine power will be used to…
Практичне заняття 6 Лексичні одиниці:
Manual - інструкція
maintenance - обслуговування
to carry out - здійснювати
antiicing - антизледеніння
deicing - відтавання
relative - відносний
passing air - потік повітря
cooling system - система охолодження
pitch - висота
rotation - обертання
length - довжина
movement - рух
turning - поворот
angle - кут
to achieve - досягати
to accomplish - виконувати
to reduce - зменшити
pressure - тиск
flap - заслінка
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The control system of the aircraft
Aircraft systems is a complex system. In the design stage and in the flight and maintenance manuals (used by pilot and maintenance technicians) it is broken down into simpler systems that carry out homogeneous functions. Some examples include but are not limited to:
Electrical, hydraulics, oxygen, fuel, propulsion, navigation, flight controls, ice protection (antiicing and deicing), cooling System
It is Controls and displays in the cockpit panels are usually grouped by system.
Aircraft systems and their operations are described in the Flight Manual of the Aircraft.
There are three primary ways for an aircraft to change its orientation relative to the passing air. Pitch (movement of the nose up or down, rotation around the transversal axis), Roll (rotation around the longitudinal axis, that is, the axis which runs along the length of the aircraft) and Yaw (movement of the nose to left or right, rotation about the vertical axis). Turning the aircraft (change of heading) requires the aircraft firstly to roll to achieve an angle of bank (in order to balance the centrifugal force); when the desired change of heading has been accomplished the aircraft must again be rolled in the opposite direction to reduce the angle of bank to zero. Lift acts vertically up through center of pressure which depends on the position of wings. The position of the centre of pressure will change with changes in the angle of attack and aircraft wing flaps setting.
Вправи:
Поясніть наступні терміни:
maintenance manual
homogeneous function
longitudinal axis
Roll
Yaw
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Практичне заняття 7
Лексичні одиниці:
Cockpit – кабіна пілота
to arrange - домовитися
pitch – висота
ailerons - елерони
to deflect – відхилити
rudder pedals - педалі управління
throttle - дросель
control yoke - ручка управління
clockwise - за годинниковою стрілкою
sliding - ковзання
actuator - силовий привід
to avoid - уникнути
workload - навантаження
device - пристрій
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The components of the aircraft control system
Primary controls
Generally, the primary cockpit flight controls are arranged as follows:
a control yoke (also known as a control column), centre stick or side-stick (the latter two also colloquially known as a control or joystick), governs the aircraft's roll and pitch by moving the ailerons (or activating wing warping on some very early aircraft designs) when turned or deflected left and right, and moves the elevators when moved backwards or forwards
rudder pedals, or the earlier, pre-1919 "rudder bar", to control yaw, which move the rudder; left foot forward will move the rudder left for instance.
throttle controls to control engine speed or thrust for powered aircraft.
The control yokes also vary greatly amongst aircraft. There are yokes where roll is controlled by rotating the yoke clockwise/counterclockwise (like steering a car) and pitch is controlled by tilting the control column towards you or away from you, but in others the pitch is controlled by sliding the yoke into and out of the instrument panel (like most Cessnas, such as the 152 and 172), and in some the roll is controlled by sliding the whole yoke to the left and right (like the Cessna 162). Centre sticks also vary between aircraft. Some are directly connected to the control surfaces using cables, others (fly-by-wire airplanes) have a computer in between which then controls the electrical actuators.
Even when an aircraft uses variant flight control surfaces such as a V-tail ruddervator, flaperons, or elevons, to avoid pilot confusion the aircraft's flight control system will still be designed so that the stick or yoke controls pitch and roll conventionally, as will the rudder pedals for yaw. The basic pattern for modern flight controls was pioneered by French aviation figure Robert Esnault-Pelterie, with fellow French aviator Louis Blériot popularizing Esnault-Pelterie's control format initially on Louis' Blériot VIII monoplane in April 1908, and standardizing the format on the July 1909 Channel-crossing Blériot XI. Flight control has long been taught in such fashion for many decades, as popularized in ab initio instructional books such as the 1944 work Stick and Rudder.
In some aircraft, the control surfaces are not manipulated with a linkage. In ultralight aircraft and motorized hang gliders, for example, there is no mechanism at all. Instead, the pilot just grabs the lifting surface by hand (using a rigid frame that hangs from its underside) and moves it.
Secondary controls
In addition to the primary flight controls for roll, pitch, and yaw, there are often secondary controls available to give the pilot finer control over flight or to ease the workload. The most commonly available control is a wheel or other device to control elevator trim, so that the pilot does not have to maintain constant backward or forward pressure to hold a specific pitch attitude (other types of trim, for rudder and ailerons, are common on larger aircraft but may also appear on smaller ones). Many aircraft have wing flaps, controlled by a switch or a mechanical lever or in some cases are fully automatic by computer control, which alter the shape of the wing for improved control at the slower speeds used for takeoff and landing. Other secondary flight control systems may be available, including slats, spoilers, air brakes and variable-sweep wings.