Вправи:

1. Розшифруйте наступні скорочення:

1. GA

2. ADF

3. VHF

4. VOR

5. NDB

6. DME

7. TACAN

8. GPS

9. GNSS

10. ATC

II . Поясніть наступні терміни:

1. Inertial navigation

2. radar navigation

3. omnidirectional range

4. cross-cut

5. "following the needle"

Практичне заняття 4 Лексичні одиниці:

Conventional - загальноприйнятий

fixed-wing aircraft - повітряне судно з нерухомим крилом

linkage - з'єднання

to explain - пояснити

currently - в даний час

excessive - надмірний

to adjust - настроювати

tension - напруга

gust lock - механізм стопоріння

damage - пошкодження

recognizable - впізнаваний

to appear - з'являтися

to increase - збільшувати

to require - вимагати

consequently - отже

complicated - складний

gearing - привід

arrangement - розташування

to develop - розвивати

advantage - перевага

to reduce - знижувати

failure - зрив

force - сила

seamlessly - безперешкодно

to revert - повертатися

considerably - значно

to boost - підштовхувати

feedback - зворотний зв'язок

to achieve - досягати

wire - провід

Прочитайте та перекладіть текст 4

Flight control system

A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system consists of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight controls as they change speed.

The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in flight dynamics.

Mechanical

Mechanical or manually operated flight control systems are the most basic method of controlling an aircraft. They were used in early aircraft and are currently used in small aircraft where the aerodynamic forces are not excessive Turnbuckles are often used to adjust control cable tension. The Cessna Skyhawk is a typical example of an aircraft that uses this type of system. Gust locks are often used on parked aircraft with mechanical systems to protect the control surfaces and linkages from damage from wind. Some aircraft have gust locks fitted as part of the control system.

Increases in the control surface area required by large aircraft or higher loads caused by high airspeeds in small aircraft lead to a large increase in the forces needed to move them, consequently complicated mechanical gearing arrangements were developed to extract maximum mechanical advantage in order to reduce the forces required from the pilots. This arrangement can be found on bigger or higher performance propeller aircraft such as the Fokker 50.

Some mechanical flight control systems use servo tabs that provide aerodynamic assistance. Servo tabs are small surfaces hinged to the control surfaces. The flight control mechanisms move these tabs, aerodynamic forces in turn move, or assist the movement of the control surfaces reducing the amount of mechanical forces needed. This arrangement was used in early piston-engined transport aircraft and in early jet transports. The Boeing 737 incorporates a system, whereby in the unlikely event of total hydraulic system failure, it automatically and seamlessly reverts to being controlled via servo-tab.

Hydro-mechanical

The complexity and weight of mechanical flight control systems increase considerably with the size and performance of the aircraft. Hydraulically powered control surfaces help to overcome these limitations. With hydraulic flight control systems, the aircraft's size and performance are limited by economics rather than a pilot's muscular strength. At first, only-partially boosted systems were used in which the pilot could still feel some of the aerodynamic loads on the control surfaces (feedback).

Artificial feel devices

With purely mechanical flight control systems, the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces are transmitted through the mechanisms and are felt directly by the pilot, allowing tactile feedback of airspeed. With hydromechanical flight control systems, however, the load on the surfaces cannot be felt and there is a risk of overstressing the aircraft through excessive control surface movement. To overcome this problem, artificial feel systems can be used.

Fly-by-wire control systems

A fly-by-wire (FBW) system replaces manual flight control of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires (hence the fly-by-wire term), and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the expected response. Commands from the computers are also input without the pilot's knowledge to stabilize the aircraft and perform other tasks. Electronics for aircraft flight control systems are part of the field known as avionics.