25. Read the texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk on the topics:

1. Definition and Function of the Machine Tool.

2. Principal Parts of the Lathe.

3. Types of the Lathe.

4. Machine-Building in Belarus.

5. Machine Tool Industry.

6. Motor Industry.

7. The Idea of Tuning.

KEYS

Unit V. Ex. 6. P. 64

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Unit V. Ex. 13. P. 67

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Unit VI. Ex. 6. P. 79

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Unit VI. Ex. 17. P. 85

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Unit VII. Ex. 13. P. 107

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SUPPLEMENTARY FILE

Part I

Part II

Some Notable Automobiles and Their Manufacturers

Alfa Romeo (1910 –). Italy. Most recently made by Alfa Romeo SpA in Milan.

Audi (1910–39; 1965 –). Germany. Most recently made by Auto Union GmbH, Ingolstadt, Germany.

Bentley (1920 –). Great Britain. Most recently by Bentley Motors Ltd., Crewe, Cheshire (owned by Rolls-Royce).

Benz (1885–1926). Germany. Benz & Cie, Rheinische Automobil und Motorenfabrik AG, Mannheim.

BMW (1928 –). Germany. Most recently by Bayerische Motoren-Werke AG, Munich.

Bugatti (1909–15; 1919–56). France. Automobiles Ettore Bugatti, Molsheim.

Cadillac (1903 –). United States. Cadillac Motor Car Company, Detroit, Mich. (a division of General Motors).

Chevrolet (1911 –). United States. Chevrolet Motor Company, Detroit, Mich. (a division of General Motors).

Citroën (1919 –). France. Most recently by Peugeot SA, Paris.

Cooper (1948–71). Great Britain. Cooper Car Company Ltd., Byfleet, Surrey.

Daimler (1896 –). Great Britain. Most recently by BL Public, Ltd., Company.

Fiat (1899 –). Italy. Fabrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Now Fiat SpA).

Ford (1903 –). United States. Ford Motor Company, Detroit, Mich.

Honda (1962 –). Japan. Honda Motor Company Ltd., Tokyo.

Hyundai (1968 –). South Korea. Hyundai Motor Company, Ulsan.

Jaguar (1936 –). Great Britain. Most recently by BL Public, Ltd., Company.

Jeep (intermittently, 1903 –). United States. Originally Willys-Overland. Most recently by Chrysler Corporation.

Lincoln (1920 –). United States. Lincoln Motor Company, Detroit, Mich. ( a division of Ford Motor Company).

Lotus (1952 –). Great Britain. Most recently by Lotus Cars Ltd. ( a division of General Motors).

Mazda (1960 –). Japan. Mazda Motor Corporation, Hiroshima.

Mercedes-Benz (1926 –). Germany. Daimler-Benz AG, Stuttgart-Unterturkheim.

Mercury (1938 –). United States. Ford Motor Company, Detroit, Mich.

Mitsubishi (1917–21; 1959 –). Japan. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., Tokyo.

Nissan (1937–43; 1960 –). Japan. Nissan Motor Company Ltd., Tokyo.

Opel (1898 –). Germany. Adam Opel AG, Russelsheim, Germany, (a subsidiary of General Motors).

Packard (1899–1958). United States. Last made by Studebaker-Packard Corporation, Detroit, Mich.

Peugeot (1889 –). France. Most recently by Peugeot SA, Paris.

Plymouth (1928 –). United States. Chrysler Corporation.

Pontiac (1926 –). United States. Pontiac Motor Company, Pontiac, Mich. (a division of General Motors).

Porsche (1948 –). Germany. Most recently by Dr Ing.h.c. F. Porsche KG, Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany.

Rambler (1902–13; 1950–69). United States. Last made by American Motors Corporation, Kenosha, Wis.

Renault (1898 –). France. Most recently by Renault-Volvo RVA, Boulogne-Billancourt.

Riley (1898–1969). Great Britain. Last made by Riley Motors Ltd., Abingdon.

Rolls-Royce (1904 –). Great Britain. Most recently by Rolls-Royce PLC, London.

Rover (1904 –). Great Britain. The Rover Company Ltd., Solihull, Warwickshire (a division of BMW AG, Munich).

Saab (1950 –). Sweden. Saab-Scania AB, Linkoping.

Singer (1905–70). Great Britain. Last made by Singer Motors Ltd., Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Warwickshire.

Subaru (1958 –). Japan. Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd., Tokyo.

Toyota (1936 –). Japan. Most recently by Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota City.

Trabant (1945–91). East Germany. Industrie-Vereinigung Volkseigner Fahrzeugwerke, Zwickau.

Triumph (1923 –). Great Britain. Most recently by Triumph Motor Company Ltd. (a division of BL Public, Ltd., Company).

Volkswagen (1936 –). Germany. Most recently by Volkswagenwerk AG, Wolfsburg, Germany.

Volvo (1927 –). Sweden. Most recently by Renault-Volvo RVA.

Sales and Service

Once the automobile has been manufactured, it must be sold and maintained. There are numerous jobs in new and used auto sales and in all the related service areas. As automobiles have become more complex, the number of auto shops performing specialized work has increased.

Mechanic

Performs a broad range of light and heavy repair work that can include changing tires, diagnosing engine problems, estimating repair costs for insurance purposes, and performing a complete engine overhaul.

Salesperson

Works on the showroom floor or lot of a new or used car dealership. A salesperson needs excellent mechanical knowledge to answer the many questions of prospective buyers.

Service manager

Supervises the entire automotive service operation, dealing with customers, directing mechanics, and handling billings. The service manager has responsibility for shop efficiency.

Specialty mechanic

Acquires and uses expert knowledge of one aspect of automotive service. Special fields include transmissions and electrical equipment.

Research

The first steps in the production of an automotive vehicle are in a research laboratory. Here chemists, physicists, and computer scientists work with metallurgists and engineers. Together they plan, evaluate, and test all promising ideas.

Chemist. Seeks to improve existing forms of fuel and to develop new ones; looks for ways to improve existing products such as rubber, plastics, and paints; tries to discover new materials that are better than the ones in use.

Computer scientist. Helps to improve automotive design and many of the manufacturing operations by use of the computer.

Electronics engineer. Develops transistorized systems for improving safety, performance, and reliability of the vehicle.

Instrumentation engineer. Develops new methods for measuring automotive characteristics, from fuel consumption to the best angles for seating comfort.

Librarian. Catalogues, files, and maintains data pertaining to all phases of automotive research, engineering, and production.

Mechanical engineer. Develops new engines, bearings, transmission and gear mechanisms, and other products; studies stress and vibration analysis and the means of reducing injuries in accidents.

Metallurgist. Develops new metal materials and products and the processes for making them.

Physicist. Investigates fundamental problems of matter and energy as they relate to automotive design and performance.

Engineering Laboratories

The next steps in the production or improvement of an automobile take place in engineering laboratories. Here the findings of research scientists and engineers are put to practical use. It is here also that the new ideas that are produced by research are converted into products that have practical application in automotive vehicles.

Acoustical engineer. Works on sound-deadening problems, traces car noises to their sources, and specifies means of reducing noise.

Body engineer. Works with stylists and design engineers to lay out durable automobile bodies that can be manufactured efficiently.

Drafter. Makes drawings of engineering ideas.

Electrical engineer. Works on wiring circuitry, storage battery problems, and related projects.

Executive engineer. Acts as engineering branch business manager.

Hydraulic engineer. Works with specific problems concerning automobile transmissions, brakes, and other parts that are wholly or partly driven hydraulically.

Mechanical engineer. Makes layouts for engines, transmissions, and chassis and for their components such as carburettors and differential gears.

Safety engineer. Develops systems for improving motoring safety and makes recommendations for changes that improve driving safety.

Styling

While the current year's automobile models are being manufactured and sold, designers are working on models to be marketed four or five years hence.

Clay modeller. Translates the designer's sketches into clay models, first in miniature, then in full size.

Colour engineer. Specifies the colour schemes to be used on upcoming models.

Designer. Originates the general body style of the new motorcar.

Interior stylist. Designs items for interiors, including upholstery, dashboard, and hardware.

Styling engineer. Serves as a liaison between stylists and engineers and sees that the work of both departments is coordinated.

Testing

Proposed new automobile models are given exhaustive tests on proving grounds and test racks. It is here that engineers learn how the vehicle will react to actual driving conditions. Most occupations in this category are for engineers.

Instrumentation layout person. Devises the special equipment that enables test drivers to measure the performance of an automobile.

Test analyst. Studies test data and compiles reports.

Test driver. Drives the car over varying terrains at high speeds and under severe conditions. The driver makes full reports on how the cars handle and must be able to offer suggestions for improvement.

Part III