10. Read and translate the following words from the text paying attention to the word-forming suffixes. Arrange them into the following groups of: n (noun)s, Adj (adjectives), Adv (adverbs).

movement, coolant, ability, accumulation, thermostatic, relation, generally, performance, occasionally, ignition, suitable, failure, mixture, prematurely, operation, pressure, original, indication, compression

Part II

11. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.

В. Exhaust and Lubrication Systems

The exhaust system includes the exhaust manifold, muffler, exhaust (tail) pipe. Through the manifold the burned gases are carried off to the muffler, which reduces the pressure of the gases and discharges them quietly through the tail pipe.

Since about 1975 most automotive exhaust systems have been equipped with catalytic converters – flat and rectangular devices placed along the tail pipe in much the same fashion as a muffler. They contain pellets that are coated with tiny amounts of platinum and palladium. These metals act as catalysts in a chemical reaction within the converter that transforms the exhaust pollutants into carbon dioxide and water.

Until the mid-1970s most automobiles used gasoline to which compounds of lead had been added. These substances improve engine performance but enter the atmosphere in automotive exhausts, causing pollution. Most cars now use lead-free gasoline. Leaded fuel contaminates catalytic converters, reducing their effectiveness.

Afterburners have also been developed to reduce pollution. They burn compounds in exhaust gases so they do not reach the atmosphere. The blow-by, a variation, recirculates smog-producing gases into the combustion chamber to be burned.

Lubrication System. The presence of an oil film between two metal surfaces working together reduces friction and prevents parts from overheating and wearing. Several different systems are used to keep the engine parts of a car lubricated. The one most in use is a pressure system called force-feed. A pump supplies oil through lines to wherever it is needed.

A simpler arrangement is the splash system. Troughs of oil are located inside the crankcase under the connecting rods. The rods are fitted with dippers at the lower ends. As the engine runs, these throw and splash oil inside the engine.

Few cars now depend on the splash system alone. Oil is usually pumped to the main bearings of the crankshaft, the connecting rod bearings, and the camshaft bearings. In most systems it reaches the main bearings through passages in the crankshaft.

Screens are provided at the intake opening of the oil pump to prevent the entrance of dirt. To permit a change of the engine oil supply, a drain plug is provided. Some parts of the car that formerly needed lubrication are now greased permanently. The lubricant is sealed in before the car leaves the factory.

Comprehension Check - 2

12. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The exhaust system includes the exhaust manifold, muffler, exhaust pipe, and a connecting rod.

2. Now most automotive exhaust systems are equipped with catalytic converters, which contain pellets coated with platinum and palladium.

3. Lead added to gasoline improves engine performance but causes atmospheric pollution.

4. Few cars now use lead-free gasoline.

5. Afterburners have been developed to reduce pollution.

6. There are different systems to lubricate the engine parts of a car.

7. The simplest cooling system is the splash system.

8. Oil is pumped to the main bearings of the crankshaft, the connecting rod bearings, and the camshaft bearings.

9. Screens are provided to prevent the entrance of water.

10. All parts of the car are now greased permanently.

13. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What does the exhaust system include?

2. What is the function of catalytic converters in automotive exhaust systems?

3. What was lead added in gasoline for?

4. Why do most cars use lead-free gasoline now?

5. What does leaded fuel contaminate?

6. What other measures are taken in automobile design to reduce pollution?

7. What do afterburners do with exhaust gases? Is it good or bad?

8. What reduces friction and prevents parts from overheating and wearing?

9. What is the splash system?

10. How does oil reach the main bearing?

11. What is provided to prevent the entrance of dirt?

12. What is provided to permit a change of the engine oil supply?

13. When is the lubricant sealed in?