Study the following words and word combinations

Acceleration, v − прискорення

apparent, adj − очевидний, безсумнівний

attract, v − притягувати, залучати

challenge, v −кидати виклик, ставити під сумнів

conclusion, n − висновок, підсумок

contradict, v − протирічити, суперечити

cover, v − пробігати, покривати

crumple, v − м'ятися, зім'яти

device, n − прилад, устрій

drop, v − падати, опадати

evacuated, adj − відкачаний

friction, n − тертя

inclined adj − схильний

inconsistency, n − непослідовність, суперечність

height, n − висота

leaning, adj − під нахилом

measure, v − вимірювати

plane, n − площина

reasoning, n − міркування

relation, n − зв'язок

roll down, v − скачуватися

simultaneously, adv − одночасно

spigot, n − втулка, кран, пробка

strike, v − бити

successive, adj − наступний, послідовний

time, v – засікати час

turn off, v − виключити

turn on, v − включити

velocity, n − швидкість

Read the following text

Text 1 galileo’s experiments

In the absence of friction, all bodies, large and small, fall with the same acceleration. This law of falling bodies is a physical paradox for it contradicts the conclusion a person may come from general observations. That’s why centuries ago the great philosopher Aristotle taught that heavy bodies fall proportionately faster than lighter bodies.

The question of falling bodies challenged also other scientists. In the XVI-th century it was Galileo who was thinking over the question of falling bodies. He found apparent inconsistencies in Aristotle’s thinking. At tests, he dropped various kinds of objects from different levels of the leaning tower of Pisa and timed their fall and measured their velocities.

O nce Galileo attracted a lot of people to the leaning tower. From the top he dropped two stones, one large and one small. These two bodies fell side by side and struck the ground together. That was the beginning of a new era in science. The importance of Galileo’s many experiments is not in the fact that they demonstrated the mistakes of Aristotle’s reasoning, but that they gave the world a new scientific method, the method of experimentation.

It is easy to repeat Galileo’s experiment. Take a coin and a small piece of paper and drop them simultaneously from the same height to the floor. The coin will fall down fast, while the piece of paper will be in the air for a much longer period of time. If you crumple the piece of paper and roll it into a little ball, it will fall almost as fast as the coin. But if you have a long glass cylinder evacuated of air, you will see that a coin and uncrumpled piece of paper will fall inside the cylinder at exactly the same speed.

The next step that Galileo took in the study of falling bodies was to find a mathematical relation between the time which the fall takes and the distance which it covers. Since the free fall is too fast and the human eye cannot observe it in detail, and since Galileo didn’t have such modern devices as we have now he let the balls of different materials roll down an inclined plane instead of falling straight down. To measure time he used a water clock, a device with spigot that could be turned on and off. Galileo worked the successive position of the objects which were rolling down an inclined plane at equal intervals of time.

Exercise 6. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the expressions.

In the absence of friction, falling bodies, it contradicts, come from general observations, challenged other scientists, apparent inconsistencies, leaning tower, to measure their velocities, to attract a lot of people, Aristotle’s reasoning, drop them simultaneously, to crumple the piece of paper, modern devices, inclined plane, equal intervals of time.

An apparent advantage; the gravitational pull of the earth attracts objects to it; a book that challenges established beliefs; come to a conclusion; the facts contradicted his theory; they covered 60 miles in two days; she crumpled the paper in her hand; to drop stones; evacuated air; an inclined plane; many inconsistencies in the theory; the inch measures length; he measures his words with caution; deduction is the reasoning from the general to the particular; internal relation; external relation; roll down a mountain; a spigot is a regulator for controlling the flow of a liquid from a reservoir; lightning struck the tree; on three successive days; turn that light off!; turn on the music!

Exercise 7. Find in the text antonyms for the following words.

Presence, to support, particular, light, ending, slow, answer, ancient, same, reject.

Exercise 8. Make the following sentences interrogative.

1. In the absence of friction, all bodies fall with the same acceleration. 2. Aristotle taught that heavy bodies fall proportionately faster than lighter bodies. 3. It was Galileo who was thinking over the question of falling bodies. 4. Galileo found apparent inconsistencies in Aristotle’s thinking. 5. Galileo’s many experiments gave the world a new scientific method, the method of experimentation. 6. To measure time he used a water clock. 7. Galileo worked the successive position of the objects which were rolling down an inclined plane at equal intervals of time.

Exercise 9. For the statements choose “True” if the statement is true according to the text, “False” if the statement is false

1. Friction doesn’t influence on the acceleration of falling bodies.

2. Galileo supported Aristotle’s reasoning.

3. Galileo never showed the result of his experiments to anybody.

4. The scientist performed his experiments only at home.

5. Galileo implemented the method of experimentation.

6. Everybody can perform the experiment described in the text.

7. The coin falls much faster than a crumpled piece of paper.

8. In the cylinder evacuated of air the coin and the paper will fall simultaneously.

9. Galileo discovered the mathematical relation between the mass of a body and the time which it takes to fall.

10. Galileo used some devices in his experiments.

Exercise 10. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1. This law of falling bodies is a _____ because it ______ 2. That’s why centuries ago the great philosopher Aristotle taught that heavy bodies fall ______ . 3. The question of falling bodies ________ . 4. In the XVI-th century it was Galileo who _______ . 5. Galileo found _________. 6. Galileo dropped _______. 7. The importance of Galileo’s many experiments is _________. 8. The coin will fall down fast, while ________. 9. The next step that Galileo took in the study of falling bodies was _________. 10. To measure time he used __________.

Exercise 11. Match the words (1−12) with their definitions (a−n). There are two definitions that you do not need to use.

1. apparent	a. the process of watching something or someone carefully for a period of time
2. absence	b. machine or tool that does a special job
3. acceleration	c. knowledge about the world, especially based on examining, testing, and proving facts
4. observation	d. an object that is separate from other objects
5. body	e. the rate at which the speed of an object increases
6. science	f. an opinion or statement that is incorrect
7. mistake	g. considered independently
8. experiment	h. a shape, object, or container with circular ends and long straight sides
9. air	i. the lack of something or the fact that it does not exist
10. cylinder	j. a scientific test done to find out how something reacts under certain conditions
11. material	k. to make or become greater in size
12. device	l. the mixture of gases around the Earth, that we breathe
	m. easy to notice, obvious
	n. a solid substance such as wood, plastic, or metal

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Магніт притягує залізо. 2. За допомогою похилої площини можна збільшити силу. 3. Безсумнівною перевагою цього приладу є простота у використанні. 4. Як нагріти метал, якщо він у скляному балоні з відкачаним повітрям? 5. У цій теорії багато суперечностей. 6. Учора у нас була лабораторна робота на тему «Дослідження послідовного та паралельного сполучення провідників». 7 Чи завжди блискавка б’є у найвищі точки (дерева, стовпи)? 8. Послідовний перехід від легкого до складного сприяє кращому розумінню матеріалу. 9. Увімкни телевізор, будь ласка. 10. Індукція − це міркування від конкретного до загального. 11. Для дослідження складних об'єктів необхідно одночасно вимірювати багато фізичних величин. 12. Створення телескопа й астрономічні відкриття принесли Галілею широку популярність. 13. Галілей також досліджував природу світла, кольору, займався питаннями фізичної оптики.

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